", Harmon, George D. "The Pennsylvania Clergy and the Civil War. Confederates bombard Union forces during the night after a fire starts near union positions. The Philadelphia Navy Yard provided an important source of ships, sailors, and supplies for the United States Navy during the war. January 4 - Alabama state troops seize the U.S. Arsenal at Mount Vernon, Alabama. Five Ellet -class rams were converted from civilian towboats at Pittsburgh. Two important, famous, well-documented battles resulted in Confederate defeats: the Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania . (microfilm rolls #4220-4222), 62nd Regiment P.V. Westernmost Confederate battle fatalities. Union forces were forced into a chaotic retreat. Confederate victory, Union commander killed. Before the defenders could rally on Cemetery Hill, the two Union corps had sustained more than 50 percent casualties. Pennsylvania was a critical source of raw materials to the Union's war effort, particularly anthracite coal. JHU Press. "Pennsylvania and the American Civil War: Recent Trends and Interpretations. Ewell, whose corps had been preparing to carry the offensive across the Susquehanna from positions at Carlisle and York, was ordered to move either to Cashtown or Gettysburg. Demoralized by the defeat at Gettysburg, Lee offered his resignation to President Jefferson Davis, but was refused. The coins seem to date from 82 B.C., the year the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla fought a bloody war across Italy against his enemies among the leaders of the Roman Republic, which resulted . Confederates thwart attempt to destroy a canal. Ewells men had advanced on the Union forces at Culps Hill and East Cemetery Hill in coordination with Longstreets 4 pm attack, but Union forces had stalled their attack by dusk. Upon learning that the Army of the Potomac was on its way, Lee planned to assemble his army in the prosperous crossroads town of Gettysburg, 35 miles southwest of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Confederate land forces, supported by naval ram, retake two Union forts near Plymouth, North Carolina. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. Both armies suffered extremely heavy losses on July 2, with 9,000 or more casualties on each side. Confederates delayed Federal Cavalry movement towards. The sky turned a glowing red as the sun rose over Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on July 1, 1863. The foundry produced 1,193 guns (15 percent of the total U.S. wartime artillery production) and almost 200,000 artillery projectiles. Pittsburgh industries collectively manufactured 10 percent of the total U.S. wartime production of artillery projectiles. Union attack on Confederate positions near a church repelled. After defeating the Union forces of Gen. Joseph Hooker at Chancellorsville, Virginia, in May, Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee decided to invade the North in hopes of further discouraging the enemy and possibly inducing European countries to recognize the Confederacy. ", Tremel, Andrew T. "The Union League, Black Leaders, and the Recruitment of Philadelphia's African American Civil War Regiments. (microfilm roll #4029), 109th Regiment P.V. Bragg defeats Rosecrans, George Thomas of US anointed "The Rock of Chickamauga". Early on the morning of July 3, Union forces of the Twelfth Army Corps pushed back a Confederate threat against Culps Hill after a seven-hour firefight and regained their strong position. Source: https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/search-battles.htm# No protection is claimed in original U.S. Government works, I may earn a commission from the companies mentioned in this post via affiliate links to products or services associated with content in this article. Confederate forces retreat after Colonel Singletary is killed. Among the most significant were the First Battle of Bull Run, the Battle of Shiloh, the Battle of Antietam, the Battle of Gettysburg, and the Vicksburg Campaign. Smithsonian Civil War: Inside the National Collection. "Draft Resistance in Civil War Pennsylvania. "[4], The 47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, one of the regiments which initially served in the Eastern and Lower Seaboard Theaters,[5][6] went on to become the only regiment from Pennsylvania to both fight in the Union's 1864 Red River Campaign across Louisiana[7] and to have men confined as POWs at Camp Ford, the largest Confederate States Army prison west of the Mississippi River. Confederate army slips away after four week siege near site of decisive Revolutionary War battle. The cavalry was led by Gen. Jeb Stuart. Please note: the information in the Bates series is incomplete, having been taken from our muster-out rolls but not necessarily the muster-in rolls or other related documents. "Pennsylvania and the American Civil War: An Annotated Guide to Online Resources. The city of York, Pennsylvania became the largest Northern city to be occupied by Confederate troops when Jubal A. Confederates enter town, but are unable to take nearby fort. Earliest exchange of gunfire between the Union Navy and organized Rebel forces after the surrender of Fort Sumter. (microfilm roll #4223), 148th Regiment P.V. By 1:00 pm all three divisions of the I Corps were deployed along Seminary Ridge, and two divisions of Gen. Oliver O. Howards XI Corps had arrived to defend the northern approaches to the town. Federal troops surrendered after being encircled by cavalry dressed as Union soldiers. #1014. Union forces repelled by Confederate counter-attack. The third battle of Sherman's March to the Sea was a failed Union Army expedition under Maj. Gen. John P. Hatch that attempted to cut off the Charleston and Savannah Railroad in support of Sherman's projected arrival in Savannah. Bragg forced to withdraw after losing 11,739 men. Provided by Touchpoints The National Civil War Museum in Harrisburg is one of the country's leading interpretive sites for the Civil War. 25. Confederates and Texas Rangers retreat. 'We Are All in This War': The 148th Pennsylvania and Home Front Dissension in Centre County during the Civil War." During the morning of July 3, the Confederate infantry were driven from their last toe-hold on Culps Hill. Lee outmaneuvers Grant, but because of illness, he is unable to capitalize. It inspired Lincolns Gettysburg Address, which became one of the most famous speeches of all time. Elaborate amphibious Union flanking maneuver is thwarted by Confederates at Fort Pemberton during the Vicksburg campaign. Old Dominion, Industrial Commonwealth: Coal, Politics, and Economy in Antebellum America. The Philadelphia Brigade was also a rarity in that all of its regiments were recruited from a single city. (Stonewall) Jackson, and faulty reconnaissance. It is generally regarded as the turning point of the war and has probably been more intensively studied and analyzed than any other battle in U.S. history. Meade, on the other hand, was less confident, and it was only after a formal council of war that he decided to stay and fight. From the Attack on Fort Sumter in April 1861 to General Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in April 1865, the Civil War was the most devastating conflict . Beginning with President Lincoln's first call for troops and continuing throughout the war, Pennsylvania mustered 215 infantry regiments, as well as dozens of emergency militia regiments that were raised to repel threatened invasions in 1862 and 1863 by the Confederate States Army. Lulu.com. The turning point of the Civil War was the Battle of Gettysburg. Union strategic victory. Over 100 soldiers from Pennsylvania units would win the Medal of Honor for their actions during the conflict. The vast majority of the coal used by the Navy for its warships and blockaders came from underground mines in several counties in northern Pennsylvania. Confederate forces retreated, and General. Union cavalry from Kansas defeated by Missouri State Guard. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Confederate forces forced to retreat from Broxton Bridge after a failed defense. "The Pennsylvania Press During the Civil War. Southernmost land battle in Florida of the war. In addition to the status of battlefield land preservation (not included in this table) CWSAC rated the military significance of the battles into four classes, as follows:[1][2]. Reynolds was mortally wounded in the engagement; he would be the highest-ranking officer to die at Gettysburg and one of the most senior commanders to be killed in action during the war. Stuart escapes by hiding in a ravine. That night, in heavy rain, the Confederate general withdrew his decimated army toward Virginia. The Pennsylvania Capitol Preservation Committee maintains and preserves just under 400 of Pennsylvania's historic Civil War battle flags The State Museum of Pennsylvania houses an extensive general collection of Civil War artifacts, as well as Peter Rothermel's massive painting of the Battle of Gettysburg. Jackson turns into Pope's rear area; destroys Manassas Station. Union repulsed, Union commander later court-martialed for disobeying orders. 0:06. ", This page was last edited on 12 March 2023, at 03:34. How it ended Union victory. One would serve as a defining moment in the Civil War, a conflict that ended slavery and changed the identity of the United States. Union force surrenders to larger Confederate force. Union gunboat attacks, but later withdraws. January 6 - The state of Florida seizes the Apalachicola Arsenal. Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, 118th (1862-1865) (1888). Union forces under General Pope capture a newly recruited Missouri State Guard regiment. Gettysburg ended Confederate general Robert E. Lee 's ambitious second quest to invade the North and bring the Civil War to a swift end. the siege ends; Grant accepts surrender of second Confederate army under Pemberton. The Battle of Gettysburg, fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863, is considered the most important engagement of the American Civil War. He stated that "I thought I had hated slavery as much as possible before I came here, but here, where I can see some of its workings, I am more than ever convinced of the cruelty and inhumanity of the system. Union forces destroy beneficial infrastructure. 24 June 1863. Union supplies destroyed during skirmish. Union forces defeat Confederate forces as they attempted a chaotic retreat. Meade immediately ordered the pursuit of Lees army of 75,000, which by then had crossed the Potomac River into Maryland and marched on into southern Pennsylvania. Another battle, not far from the bloody fields and smoke-veiled ridges of Gettysburg, would redefine the identity of a struggling university and reveal the promise of higher education to a new generation of Americans. Battle of Gettysburg, (July 13, 1863), major engagement in the American Civil War, fought 35 miles (56 km) southwest of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, that was a crushing Southern defeat. [12] The 47th Pennsylvania Infantry also became an integrated regiment in October 1862 when several formerly enslaved Black men enlisted with the regiment while it was stationed in South Carolina, and was integrated further with the enlistment of additional formerly enslaved Black men in 1864 while the regiment was engaged in the Union's Red River Campaign across Louisiana.[13]. Many historians consider this battle to be a major turning point of the Civil War. No An official form of the United States government. The Philadelphia region was a significant contributor to the war effort. A third division of the XI Corps was posted on Cemetery Hill. Stuart [CS]. [citation needed] Other Civil War-related museums are scattered throughout the state, as well as county archives and hundreds of memorials/monuments/historical markers. The presence of vast armies throughout the countryside meant that livestock, crops, and other staples were consumed very quickly. Union cavalry caught in ambush, defeated. Beginning in May 1863, the Provost Marshal's General Bureau administered the draft from Washington, DC, and pertinent records will be found in Record Group 110 at the National Archives. (microfilm rolls #4217-4219), 53rd Regiment P.V. [17][self-published source?]. Battles of the American Civil War were fought between April 12, 1861, and May 12-13, 1865 in 19 states, mostly Confederate ( Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia [A] ), the Union victory, Confederate General Albert G. Jenkins killed. On July 4, 1863, a seventeen mile train of wounded and dying men began the retreat from Gettysburg through Franklin County. Rosecrans is victorious over Price near Mississippi town. Unsuccessful naval attack by Grant's forces. Union and Confederate forces traded ground until both sides retired, with no valuable gain from either side. Lee beats back repeated frontal assaults by Burnside. Union campaign towards Little Rock, Arkansas halted. Sean Patrick Adams (29 December 2010). Small Confederate force delays Union while larger force escapes. Union forces panic under bombardment from Confederate artillery. Updates? The Confederates drove back the Union threat, but at a cost of diluting their forces as the Union had hoped. Sheridan defeats Early, drives Confederates from Shenandoah Valley. January 5 - U.S. Published: July 1, 2019. copy page link. The unprecedented violence of battles such as Shiloh, Antietam, Stones River, and Gettysburg shocked citizens and international observers alike. Failed Confederate attempt to protect Vicksburg from approaching Federals. Shortly after 1:00 pm the Confederates started a tremendous artillery bombardment, which was answered immediately by Federal counterfire. The Battle of Gettysburg was won by the Union army (the North). Gen. James Johnston Pettigrew (who had assumed command of Heths division after Heth was wounded on July 1) and Gen. Isaac Trimble (who had taken over Gen. Dorsey Penders division after Pender was mortally wounded on July 2) as they reached their attack positions on his left. Longstreet was unenthusiastic about the invasion of Pennsylvania and advocated forcing the Federal army to attack. Apache victory. The Battle of Gettysburg marked the turning point of the Civil War. Hills command approached the town in search of supplies early on July 1, only to find that two Union cavalry brigades had arrived the previous day. Confederates withdraw by night after several hours of fighting. As a result of its vital role as a Federal raw material source and its proximity to the MasonDixon line, Pennsylvania was the target of several raids by the Confederate States Army. These materials document the commonwealth's activities during the war. Hill attacked too late to achieve significant results, and not until 6:00 pm did Ewell launch the assault that should have begun hours earlier to coincide with Longstreets. Fewer than 15,000 troops, led by a division under George Pickett, would be tasked with marching some three-quarters of a mile across open fields to attack dug-in Union infantry positions. Confederate forces held off Union Naval sieges. Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Confederate States presidential election of 1861, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_American_Civil_War_battles&oldid=1151703098, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Lee took immediate steps to meet this unexpected threat. N.B. Samuel Penniman Bates, History of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-65, is a published roster of soldiers and regiments in 5 volumes. Stevens' Caledonia Iron Works were burned by Jubal A. (Harrisburg, PA: B. Singerly, 1869-71); on 5 FS Library films beginning with film 824366 and on 75 microfiche FS Library fiche 6083878-6083882. Howard reached the field about noon, turning his XI Corps over to Gen. Carl Schurz and succeeding Gen. Abner Doubleday in overall command of the battlefield. Confederate forces are caught off guard by. On the Union side, President Abraham Lincoln had lost confidence in the Army of the Potomacs commander, Joseph Hooker, who seemed reluctant to confront Lees army after the defeat at Chancellorsville. There were only two major Civil War battles in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvanian Elisha Bracken mustered August 31, 1861, into Company C of the Pennsylvania Volunteers, 100th Regiment. The next day saw even heavier fighting, as the Confederates attacked the Federals on both left and right. Battle of Kelly's Ford noun (1863, Kelly's Ford, Virginia) Confederate victory during the Civil War. Pittsburgh rolling mills supplied the armor for many of the ironclads that were built in New York and Philadelphia. Cavalry action between Union Maj. Gen. Hugh Judson Kilpatrick and Confederate Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler. On July 1, Confederate forces converged on the town from west and north, driving Union defenders back through the streets to Cemetery Hill. Union forces victorious, but fail to capture several forts. Other battles in the American Indian Wars, Names of the American Civil War Names of battles and armies, Eastern Theater of the American Civil War, Western Theater of the American Civil War, Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War, Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War, Lower Seaboard Theater of the American Civil War, Category:Battles of the American Civil War, List of costliest American Civil War land battles, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War, "Last stand: Battle for Broxton Bridge reenactment draws hundreds of students, spectators", "First Session of the Second Wheeling Convention", "West Virginians Approve the Willey Amendment", Spreadsheet of over 5,000 Civil War battles and incidents, List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials, List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic, Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol, List of Confederate monuments and memorials, Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials. Confederate forces lose control of railroads at Petersburg. second of two Union attempts to take Ft. Wagner fails, heroism of the. Buford, meanwhile, had immediately recognized the strategic importance of Gettysburg as a crossroads and prepared to hold the town until reinforcements arrived. [2] (Other states sent larger proportions of their population, but not larger numbers.) On July 1 one of Bufords brigades, armed with the newly issued Spencer repeating carbines, delayed Heths division until Gen. John F. Reynoldss I Corps began to arrive at about 11:00 am. 300 Union troops withstand uncoordinated Confederate attacks. Union forces defeat Confederates under "Stonewall" Jackson. Part of Red River Campaign in Arkansas, black troops massacred. Stonewall Jackson, was mortally wounded at Chancellorsville. Pro-Confederate Missouri State Guard defeat pro-Union Missouri Home Guard at Cole Camp, Confederates repulse the Union attack and kill Commander. Pollock's Company (Fredericksburg Artillery), W.P. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. Union and Confederate forces traded dominance at Summit Point. pp. By evening, the Federals retained Little Round Top and had repulsed most of Ewells men. Gettysburg is by far the largest and most well-known battle of the civil war. Stuarts cavalry attempted to gain the Union rear but was repulsed. Many Americans, both in the North and in the South, believed that the conflict over secession might be settled with one decisive battle. Lee realizes his army is on the verge of defeat. You can experience the home for . Union broke the Confederate line and drove through the gap. pp. The Civil War in Pennsylvania What was the most important battle in Pennsylvania during the Civil War? Before the 500 Alabama troops who had scaled Big Round Top could continue their attack from that hill, Warren had diverted sufficient Federal reserves to defend Little Round Top. Believing his men had been on the brink of victory the day before, Lee decided to send three divisions (preceded by an artillery barrage) against the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. The Federals are surprised and quickly routed. Union soldiers hold area, but do not launch any counter thrusts. ", Neely, Mark E., Jr., "Civil War Issues in Pennsylvania: A Review Essay,", Reardon, Carol. " I, Diary, 1864 (MG 7) (microfilm roll #3879), William Jackson Palmer, 1822-1948 (Civil War) (microfilm rolls #1555-1575), G.L. History of the Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-1865 is a five-volume series by Samuel P. Bates. J.E.B. The Battle of Gettysburg, a major battle of the American Civil War, was fought between the Union army (the North) and the Confederate army (the South). Morgans Raid Across Ohio: The Civil War Guidebook of the John Hunt Morgan Heritage Trail. This powerful special strips away the romanticized veneer of the Civil War to tell the story of the soldiers on the frontlines. (microfilm roll #2231), Grand Army of the Republic Collection, 1865-1936 (MG 60) (microfilm rolls #4411-4420), G.A.R. A summary of the Pennsylvania battles, engagements and skirmishes as presented by Phisterer is given below: #989. Confederate troops occupy Charleston during Kanawha Valley offensive. Vertical files of the Library of the Gettysburg National Military Park, citing several primary sources. Brimming with confidence, Lee decided to go on the offensive and invade the North for a second time (the first invasion had ended at Antietam the previous fall). Due to a flanking movement by Union troops under. Union troops forced Confederate forces to retreat to Lewisburg. Senators from seven Southern states meet in Washington, D.C. to discuss secession. Union forces besieged Confederate positions, but the Confederates held their ground. ", Levin, Bernard. Foster defeats Confederates and destroys the bridge. Apache Wars: Union soldiers fight with Apache warriors. Failed Confederate attempt to destroy part of the Union force approaching Atlanta. A significant explosion on the afternoon of September 17, 1862 (coincidentally on the same day as the Battle of Antietam in central Maryland ), killed 78 factory workers, mostly young women. Stuart's cavalrymen in their camps near Brandy Station. Union forces badly defeated by Missouri State Guard. Stonewall Jackson's Confederates defeat Union forces. Smith's Company (3rd Company, Richmond Howitzers), A. Graham's Company (Rockbridge Artillery), Griffin's Company (Salem Flying Artillery), Dance's Company, Artillery (Powhatan Artillery), Carpenter's Company Artillery (Alleghany Rough Artillery), Skirmish, Stevens' Furnace, or Caledonia Iron Works. Several significant Federal leaders hailed from the Commonwealth. Military leaders from Pennsylvania included Generals George G. Meade (the victorious commander at Gettysburg and from Philadelphia), Winfield S. Hancock, John F. Reynolds, Admiral David D. Porter, and Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs. "[20], After the Battle of Antietam in the fall of 1862, thirteen Union governors assembled in Altoona, Pennsylvania, at the Loyal War Governors' Conference. The industrial town of York, Pennsylvania, was the largest city in the North to be occupied by the Confederate States Army during the war. Hill then authorized Gen. Henry Heth to lead his division into Gettysburg the next day. Union forces win decisive battle to take control of Missouri. It was collated and compiled from the Official Records of the War Department. Naval forces square-off at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Union forces going to Chattanooga are divided. On the national level, Simon Cameron served as Secretary of War during the early years of Lincoln's administration. On November 19, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln delivered his most famous speech at the dedication of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg. Stuart forced to change his route, delaying his efforts to unite with Lee's force outside Gettysburg. During the 1860 Presidential Election, Pennsylvania voted in favor of Abraham Lincoln (268,030 votes or 56.3% of the ballots cast) over Stephen Douglas (178,765; 37.5%), John C. Breckinridge (16,765; 3.5%), and John Bell (12,776; 2.7%).[18]. [citation needed]. Meade defeats elements of Lee's forces, but Confederates destroy railroad during retreat. Lee repulses Grant at back door to Richmond. [3] The thirteen regiments of the Pennsylvania Reserves fought as the only army division all from a single state, and saw action in most of the major campaigns and battles of the Army of the Potomac. After a great victory over Union forces at. Stuart was forced to continue north and east to get around the Union cavalry, further delaying his attempt to rejoin Lees army which was then concentrating at Cashtown Gap west of Gettysburg. Union Navy bombarded Donaldsonville with no resistance. It also houses microfilmed records of the damage claims from individuals in several counties, delineating losses of their personal property and possessions to the opposing armies during the Gettysburg Campaign. Confederates were driven into Salyersville with heavy losses. Confederate forces delay the Union advance on Little Rock. On July 3, Lee ordered an attack by fewer than 15,000 troops on the enemys center at Cemetery Ridge. Critically weakened by artillery during their approach, formations hopelessly tangled, lacking reinforcement, and under savage attack from three sides, they marked the high tide of the Confederacy with the bodies of their dead and wounded. Indexed in the Pennsylvania Civil War Veterans' Card File, 1861-1866 . Union victory in small skirmish on the Iowa-Missouri border, One of several small cavalry skirmishes in. On July 2, Lee attempted to envelop the Federals, first striking the Union left flank at the Peach Orchard, Wheatfield, Devils Den, and the Round Tops with Longstreets and Hills divisions, and then attacking the Union right at Culps and East Cemetery Hills with Ewells divisions. Tyler: The Smith County Historical Society. Greencastle, Pennsylvania. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Lee defeats Hooker's Army of Potomac, Jackson mortally wounded. Unsuccessful attack by Sherman on Johnston. The assault, known as Picketts Charge, managed to pierce the Union lines but eventually failed at the cost of thousands of rebel casualties. The Battle of Gettysburg, fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863, is considered the most important engagement of the American Civil War. Union troops repulse attempt to recapture Baton Rouge. Description: Maj. Gen. Jeb Stuarts cavalry, which was riding north to get around the Union army, attacked a Union cavalry regiment, driving it through the streets of Hanover. Battles of the American Civil War were fought between April 12, 1861, and May 1213, 1865 in 19 states, mostly Confederate (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia[A]), the District of Columbia, and six territories (Arizona Territory (also Confederate Arizona)[B], Colorado Territory, Dakota Territory, Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma), New Mexico Territory, and Washington Territory), as well as naval engagements. The fields outside of. Hill and Ewell were to make secondary attacks. Hill, Gen. James Longstreet, and Gen. Richard S. Ewell. In spite of Longstreets objections, Lee was determined to attack again on the third day. Small skirmish during the Gettysburg Campaign was the northernmost engagement of Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia during the Civil War. Stuart, whose bone-tired brigades had arrived the previous evening, was driven back by three Federal cavalry brigades when he tried to envelop Meades strategic north flank. Abraham Lincolns Gettysburg Address. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Confederate forces place stakes in river to help aim their guns at Union ships. Lee's forces surrounded. Forces under General William T. Sherman clear General Joseph E. Johnston's relief effort from the Vicksburg area. Decisive battle for possession of New Orleans.

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