0000008817 00000 n ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, Md. The various techniques and formations have unique advantages and disadvantages. Digital maps and overlays provide the platoon with a common operating picture of the terrain and operational graphics. The lead vehicle and the overwatch element occupy positions that allow them to observe the destroyed vehicle. (Refer to Chapter 4, Section IV.). Small clearings may require crossing in the same manner as a large open area. Rifle squads normally move in column or wedge formation (Figure 3-17). Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial purposes. Crossing large open area. (c) Choose and Recommend a COA and Maneuver the Force. As the reconnaissance platoon executes reconnaissance and security missions, it will encounter routes or mobility corridors that provide access into the area between the platoon and friendly elements to its rear. (2) Regardless of how thorough this analysis and planning may be, direct contact with the enemy is still a possibility, usually as a result of chance contact. "Set" means that the element has arrived at its destination and has occupied a position from which it can observe to its front. The elements conduct mounted movement to designated dismount points where they organize dismounted patrols to develop the situation from a new direction. (1) Movement Considerations. The squad line (Figure 3-10) provides maximum firepower to the front. If necessary, the platoon can use a series of contact points, coordination points, or both, to enhance security during movement through the area. When the lead team signals "danger area" (relayed throughout the platoon, the platoon halts. 0000040327 00000 n If they determine the area is clear, the platoon brings vehicles forward to observation positions. 0000012734 00000 n (2) All crews involved in the maneuver must always maintain all-round security at all times. When expecting contact, the platoon should use the slowest, most secure movement technique (Figure 3-19). If necessary, the reconnaissance platoon can attack unarmored reconnaissance vehicles, such as motorcycles or Soviet-style wheeled reconnaissance vehicles (BRDMs) (Figure 3-17). The staggered column is used for rapid movement across open terrain. In this method, the trail element advances past the lead element to the next overwatch position. Coordination must include CSS activities, integration of communications, fires, passage lanes, C2, and battle handover. Situations involving nuclear, biological, or chemical (NBC) conditions (see. Figure 3-11. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. They increase the number of maneuver options available to a. Figure 3-4. (2) Multiple-Lane Infiltration. a. It overwatches while the new trail element (formerly the overwatch element) bounds forward to the next overwatch position. The reconnaissance platoon uses this technique only when an analysis of METT-TC shows that only one lane is feasible. If soldiers need more illumination than an image intensifier can provide in infrared mode during dismounted movement, they should also use other infrared light sources. When the entire platoon or section has moved back to the rally point, it consolidates and reorganizes, reports its status to the higher headquarters, and continues the mission. This is especially important when the platoon is moving through an enemy security area where enemy forces are likely to move in response to friendly activity or when the platoon expects to encounter a moving enemy force. The exfiltration plan should also cover other types of contingencies that will not require the platoon to exfiltrate. Once he receives this, he uses it and the commander's results of terrain analysis to analyze the terrain to find the best covered and concealed route for his mission. Crewmen in the bounding element must continuously scan their assigned sectors of observation. This method is easier to control and is more secure than alternate bounding, but it is slower. (a) Coil. However, the distances between covered and concealed positions may make the use of dismounted infantry impractical. Exposed sections or teams should maintain minimum silhouette in their vehicles because of the danger from close-in snipers and ambush. Using the components taken from the currently fielded mounted JBC-P system is too cumbersome and heavy for a Soldier to carry for long distances in a rucksack. The leader is then able to plan for contact and determine how to employ TTP, such as the proper movement techniques, to reduce the occurrence of chance contact. The route of the bounding element to that position. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. (1) Before bounding, the leader shows the bounding element the location of the next overwatch position. The amount of intelligence information available to the reconnaissance platoon leader during the planning process determines the risk involved in conducting the infiltration. As information becomes available, the element in contact sends a contact report, followed by a digital or analog size, activity, location, and time (SALT) report . One section or team acts as overwatch for the displacing section or team as it moves. The squad begins bounding overwatch when within effective small-arms range (about 250 meters). At platoon level, OPs or patrols gain contact with the enemy, then report and prepare to displace to successive positions. Tactics. After determining that the commander's intent has not changed, the platoon leader recommends the COA to the commander and requests permission to execute. The coil (Figure 3-5) is used to provide all-round security and observation when the platoon is stationary. According to the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, "Mounted rifles are half cavalry, mounted infantry merely specially mobile infantry." [1] The DAPS fuses APNT sources and then either displays APNT data on an . (2) Wedge Formation. The vehicle turrets are manned. The platoon focuses on requirements for a successful friendly attack, to include. (a) The platoon leader updates his spot report to the commander with any new information and then recommends a COA to the commander. b. They get position updates to ensure the forward security element remains on azimuth and within range of supporting direct fires. d. Lateral or Boundary Routes. These situations may entail one or more of the seven forms of contact: d. Summary of Actions on Contact. Leaders must plan to adapt their choice of formation to the specific situation. An element (normally a section or team) maintains contact while the rest of the reconnaissance platoon continues the reconnaissance mission. Fighting through the enemy force is the least preferred COA. Dismounted (BATS-D) AN/PRC-161 radio fuses air and ground (friendly and enemy) situational awareness in the palm of your hand. Figure 3-18. (5) Before leaving a wooded area, the platoon must clear the open area to the front. (3) The leader plots waypoints on easily recognizable terrain and on significant turns on the route for ease in navigation. If he cannot find a bypass, he focuses not only on finding potential enemy positions but also on locating covered and concealed routes for bounding and a covered and concealed position to which the unit can move. The distance of the planned route does not include the pace count of the offset and return legs. The platoon coil provides all-round security during halts. (2) Contact with an Unknown or Superior Force. Figure 3-21. During limited visibility, he can also use his AN/PAQ-4B/C or AN/PEQ-2A to point out the rally points at a distance. (6) Herringbone Formation. This frees the platoon leader to concentrate on the subsequent mission, thus enhancing command and control. Thus, some groups must share a lane with one or more groups while others do not. (b) If the commander and the S2 have anticipated the enemy situation the reconnaissance platoon is reporting, they will already have addressed the contingency in the OPORD and given guidance to their subordinates on what COA the platoon should execute. RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. It simplifies the transition to dismounted operations in complex terrain. Figure 3-17. Three GCVs could carry three complete mechanized infantry squads, and the fourth GCV can carry the platoon's organic and attached enablers. The decision of which technique to use is based in large part on the likelihood of enemy contact; in general, this can be summarized as whether contact is not likely (traveling), possible (traveling overwatch), or expected (bounding overwatch). The rear vehicles provide overwatch and command and control (Figure 3-4). Because units generally move faster when traveling mounted, leaders must remember the increased potential for a break in contact. In an M2A3-equipped unit, he uses the rally point graphic control measure in the CTD, and then sends the data to his BCs and squad leaders. 0000003156 00000 n The platoon leadership must keep in perspective that during dismounted operations there is always an information-gathering element and a control and security element (Figures 3-1 and 3-2), and they should resource each operation accordingly. (c) Choose and Recommend a COA and Maneuver the Force. Figure 3-12. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Fire team members dismount and establish security. Once the reconnaissance section or team is set in cover and concealment and has submitted its initial reports, it must develop the situation. When this reconnaissance is complete, the section or team sends an updated report to higher headquarters. For example, if an enemy update received from higher headquarters states that the enemy has moved much closer to the platoon than the platoon leader anticipated, he immediately switches the platoon from traveling overwatch to bounding overwatch. All elements of the patrol mounted their tactical vehicles and moved to the vehicle drop off point upon completion of rehearsals. (a) The first group to reach the rally point establishes security and exchanges recognition signals with subsequent groups. Upon completing its movement (bound), the lead element then occupies a similar position and provides overwatch as the trail element bounds forward to its next overwatch position. The squad moves alone or as part of the platoon's dismounted element. This means more to the nondigitized platoon than it does to the digitized platoon. As soon as the lead vehicle is in a covered and concealed position, the overwatch vehicle moves to an alternate firing position and occupies a hide position while trying to maintain contact with the smallest possible element. a. Terrain. Dragoons were armed with carbines, sabers, and pistols. Use Adobe Acrobat Reader version 10 or higher for the best experience. The patrol also uses the coil for tactical refueling, resupply, and issuing patrol orders. After considering these factors, the leaders decide to infiltrate either mounted or dismounted. qE{ fzURVku$hzwl({`awp%r$|zze@&IfE89=E`QR^u/:Vss{8;WQ MS@|3,4U'[|fr7GYvoa^D5s) 9p6 MME?,J=SY$z(fOTXy(^]/. The company team commander first designates a fixing force to maintain contact with the enemy and assist the remainder of the team during the bypass. The platoon leader then plans his routes. Reconnaissance forces normally conduct exfiltration via land routes dismounted when friendly lines are close or no other extraction method is feasible. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Visual contact (friendly elements may or may not be observed by the enemy). When using infrared light, leaders must consider the enemy's night vision and infrared capabilities. He orders additional sections or teams to maneuver into the area. The platoon finds the flanks of the enemy position and looks for other enemy elements that could provide mutual support to the position. Normally, the platoon leader briefs the section leaders on the route and speed and then allows the lead section to control the column movement. Rough terrain, limited visibility, or other factors might cause the squad to modify the wedge into a file for control purposes. All vehicles should move completely off the road if terrain allows. Based on task organization, the reconnaissance platoon leader must carefully assess METT-TC factors before deciding upon this COA. Troops can be garrisoned in villages, snipers can dominate approaches, and buildings and roads can be mined and booby-trapped. When the platoon conducts dismounted movement, the factors of METT-TC determine the formation of the dismounted element. If the open area is very large, the overwatch element should only remain stationary until the bounding element has moved a distance equal to half the effective range of the overwatching element's weapon system. Based on the direction of enemy contact, the leader still designates the far- or near-side rally point. In successive bounding, the trail element moves to an overwatch position that is approximately abreast of the lead element. It immediately sends a contact report informing higher headquarters that it has made visual contact with the enemy but is not being engaged. Once they finish, the platoon resumes movement using its chosen movement technique. 0000004545 00000 n The infiltration plan must provide the platoon with enough time for preparation, rehearsal, and initial movement. Table 3-2 compares squad formations. The platoon leader uses formations for several purposes: to relate one vehicle or squad to another on the ground, to position firepower to support the direct-fire plan, to establish responsibilities for sector security among vehicles or squads, or to aid in the execution of battle drills and directed COAs. Purposes of infiltration include the following: c. Planning. Leaders and soldiers must remain proficient in using basic land navigation and terrain orientation skills. Movement during dismounted operations is similar to mounted movement but requires more command and control due to the decentralized nature of the task. Troops should dismount to provide greater security. To do this, they use information from the battalion S2, sensor reports on the FBCB2, and information collected by dismounted patrols. Mounted Formations. A-1. Digital or visual contact, in which the enemy is observed but the platoon remains undetected, is the goal. This gives the rest of the platoon freedom to maneuver. Due to the complexity of these operations, the battalion staff and the reconnaissance platoon leader conduct detailed planning. 0000000016 00000 n Section using bounding overwatch technique. It assures PNT through integrity checks of and access to multiple integrated, modular, layered Size, Weight, and Power (SWaP)-constrained PNT sources. (1) Detour Bypass Method. The platoon normally uses the line formation when no terrain remains between it and the enemy, when the platoon has suppressed the enemy's antitank weapons, or when the platoon is vulnerable to artillery fire and must move fast. 0000103175 00000 n The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. The goal is to develop a kit that is lighter and smaller, has a longer battery life, and is safe for Soldiers to use while dismounted. (b) Evaluate and Develop the Situation. Traveling, squad dismounted. c. Urban Areas. c. Platoon Formation. Because breaking contact is a violation of reconnaissance fundamentals, the platoon leader must be sure that his higher headquarters is informed of and approves this COA (Figure 3-14). Front and rearExcellent (maximum firepower). The following examples illustrate actions on contact in a variety of tactical situations. Crossing Large Open Areas (Dismounted). (2) File Formation. Under normal conditions in flat, open terrain on a clear night, rotary-wing aircraft lose most of their audio signature at a distance of about 5 kilometers. The platoon uses the herringbone to disperse when traveling in column formation (Figure 3-6). This report is quickly followed by an initial spot report. The principles of route selection, movement formations, and movement security are critical to the success of the exfiltration operation. (d) Maintain Contact to Support a Hasty Attack. It stops inside the wood line, ensuring it is still within the shadow line of the woods. The screens are relatively small and easily become cluttered with control measures. The patrol discovered that all Ops were well-manned with disciplined ANA soldiers throughout. Effectively employed, movement techniques allow the platoon to find and observe threats without being compromised. They must also state what actions the reconnaissance platoon must take if it must exfiltrate unexpectedly. (1) Traveling Overwatch. (2) During mounted movement, leaders use their commander's tactical display (CTD) to monitor the company, platoon, and sections. They use the POSNAV capabilities of the C3 subsystem as an enhancement to tactical navigation and not as a replacement. All groups rehearse this procedure since no one knows which group will arrive first. This problem increases with the addition of position updates and friendly and enemy icons during the mission. Known as danger areas, these are likely points of enemy contact due both to the platoon's vulnerability and to the cover, concealment, and observation these sites afford to the enemy. 0000103428 00000 n When operating out of normal communications range, an infiltrating element that must transmit required information should move to high ground or set up a long-range expedient antenna. Before each mission, the leader designates the duration between digital and analog position updates. (a) Alternate Bounds. When a squad acts as the base squad, the fire team on the right serves as the base fire team. b. Contingencies. Preferably, the section leader uses hand-and-arm signals or digital communication within the section for command and control. Rarely are there enough lanes for each group to have a separate one. If time and terrain permit, he may send dismounted platoon members to move to the far side of the open area and secure it. The software should not limit the platoon leader's planning and use of control measures and operational graphics. The platoon leader moves his element to a covered and concealed hide position where he can maintain effective communications with both subordinate elements and higher headquarters. e. Communications. Movement during dismounted operations is similar to mounted movement but requires more command and control due to the decentralized nature of the task. Once deployed, the OP maintains surveillance of the avenue of approach until the rest of the reconnaissance element returns. The leader must determine the probability of contact and where that contact will most likely occur. Herringbone formation. 0000041237 00000 n The platoon leader may ask the company team commander for a copy of the MCOO for his AO. (a) The reconnaissance section or team that makes initial visual contact with the enemy deploys to covered terrain that affords good observation and fields of fire. Traveling overwatch and bounding overwatch are most often executed at the section level. Based on the available information and his commander's intent and guidance, the platoon leader decides to leave one section in contact to support a hasty attack by a supporting MGS platoon. He reconnoiters the danger area and selects the crossing point that provides the best available cover and concealment. To avoid the enemy's strength, elements use stealth and move through gaps or around enemy positions to conduct operations to the enemy's rear and out of contact with the enemy. Echelon right formation. When the near-side security element is in position, the platoon leader directs he far-side security element (a fire team from the lead squad) to cross the danger area. There are five formations for platoon mounted movement: column, line, wedge, vee, and echelon. During infiltration using multiple lanes, the detection of one platoon's elements may alert the enemy and compromise other units in the infiltration zone. The company commander should receive a copy of the modified combined obstacle overlay (MCOO) of the AO from battalion task force. He does this for several tactical reasons: to continue operations as directed, to regain use of all his elements, or to give responsibility to a friendly element that can more effectively handle the enemy force. The coil and herringbone are platoon-level formations employed when elements of the company team are stationary and must maintain 360-degree security. The Precision Fires-Dismounted system has undergone the most significant changes. Navigational aids help, but when using them, the platoon and squads should always know their own location. The DAPS enables dismounted Army forces to shoot, move, and communicate in GPS challenged environments. Each vehicle has a particular position to occupy in the coil. The platoon must be prepared to execute actions on contact under any of the following conditions: Whether the platoon remains undetected or is identified by enemy forces, it must first take actions to protect itself, find out what it is up against, and decide on a COA. Fixing Light Reconnaissance Formations. At a minimum, the platoon must rehearse and be ready to execute these potential COAs: e. The Four Steps of Actions on Contact. The platoon establishes a hasty defense if it cannot bypass the enemy, all the sections or teams are fixed or suppressed, and the platoon no longer has the ability to maneuver. Sometimes, platoon and company team formations differ due to METT-TC factors. The Ground Combat Vehicle is an attempt to provide the infantry with an IFV that can carry a full infantry squad of nine men capable of dismounting under fire and defeating the enemy in complex terrain. Additionally, drivers and VCs have night-vision devices to aid in navigation. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The trail element first occupies a covered and concealed position from which it can overwatch the lead element. When the platoon leader expects enemy contact, he uses bounding overwatch (Figure 3-14). Ph.D. He uses the wood line and vegetation for cover and concealment. The next overwatch position (the objective for the bounding element). JBC-P equips Soldiers with a satellite network, secure data encryption, a common map, intuitive interface, chat and logistics information. The lead vehicle then bounds past the destroyed vehicle and establishes far-side security. To aid in the control of movement, the platoon should choose rally points for all infiltrations and exfiltrations. (e) Conduct a Hasty Attack.

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