For more detailed information on how to coordinate these assessments, contact the three organizations by going to the Web sites listed at the end of this document. not in schools), an active control, or a waitlist control; (d) interventions aimed to improve one or more health outcomes, as defined by the SR authors; and (e) study designs were either randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental studies (QEs), or other non-randomized intervention studies. CDC twenty four seven. Make the most of doctor visits. Citation: Levinson J, Kohl K, Baltag V, Ross DA (2019) Investigating the effectiveness of school health services delivered by a health provider: A systematic review of systematic reviews. Furthermore, this overview exposes a mismatch between the SR literature on effectiveness of school health services and the actual school health services that are most commonly delivered. In 2015, the global means for the primary and secondary net school enrollment rates were 90% and 65%, respectively, thus the potential reach of school health services is wide [8]. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. The World Health Organization (WHO) launched the Global School Health Initiative in 1995 with the goal to improve child, adolescent and community health through health promotion and programming in schools [1]. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. While various guidance documents have been published by United Nations (UN) organizations addressing a range of services from oral health to malaria [37], there is no internationally accepted guideline regarding school health services. Geryk and colleagues found that education on correct use of an inhaler improved inhaler technique, regardless of deliverer, method, or duration of the intervention [31]. The gaps in the SR literature identified by this overview will inform the commissioning of new SRs by WHO to feed into evidence-based global recommendations. That marked the highest percentage since at least 1968, the earliest year for which the CDC has online records. Excluded full text articles and reasons for exclusion. In contrast with Gold and colleagues [23], this SR by Sullivan and Simonson found negative effects from music therapy interventions [36]. Education on the wearing of spectacles in addition to vision screening as compared to vision screening alone did not have a significant effect [21]. 20 SRs fulfilled all inclusion criteria and were included in this overview. Given the wide reach of schools [8] and the fact that school health services already exist in at least 102 countries [9], research on the effectiveness of school health services in LMIC and LIC must be prioritized in order to fulfill Sustainable Development Goal 3.8 and reach universal health coverage by 2030 [51]. Vaccinations have been identified as the most common type of intervention in schools in at least 35 countries or territories [9], and there is evidence of effectiveness from primary studies regarding feasibility of school-based vaccination programs [48,49]. S6 Appendix. WHO has long recognized the link between healthand education and the potential for schools to playa central role in safeguarding student health andwell-being. Comprehensive school programs that promote healthy school environments, health and nutrition literacy, and physical activity are one of the six key areas for ending childhood obesity recommended by WHO [45]. All schools funded by the Alliance for a Healthier Generation are required to use the Healthy Schools Inventory for planning, national recognition, and program evaluation. Click to Enlarge | PDF [PDF 466 KB] | JPEG | PNG. This overview primarily found evidence for special research interventions, suggesting a need for assessment of routinely-delivered school health services. implementation guidance calls for the prioritization of school health programs as an important step towards universal health coverage and urges that "Every school should be a health promoting school" [ 10 ]. Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt (LMU) Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany, Affiliation: A SR that focused on behavioral education, such as demonstrating how to correctly brush teeth, found no evidence for reduction in caries [30], whereas a SR on oral hygiene and caries education found evidence for decreased plaque and improved hygiene [27]. Given that FRIENDS has been endorsed by WHO [44] and was found to be effective in decreasing anxiety symptoms in all four SRs where it was mentioned in this overview [28,32,34,39], policy makers and school health officials may consider incorporating this or similar programs into existing school health services. Maintaining accurate records is essential to provid- ing quality care and protecting the health and safety of children in child care settings. What should I do if I am participating in a program that requires one assessment and the state requires a different one?You can request help from the three organizations listed in this document. School health services (SHS), as defined in thisguideline, are services provided by a health workerto students enrolled in primary or secondaryeducation, either within school premises or in ahealth service situated outside the school. Hennegan and Montgomery found a high level of heterogeneity and substantial risk of bias in the included studies overall, thus they were unable to make conclusions about the effectiveness of menstrual management interventions [22]. Qualified professionals such as school nurses, nurse practitioners, dentists, health educators, physicians, physician assistants, and allied health personnel provide these services. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 1019 year olds were iron deficiency anemia, road injury, depressive disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrheal diseases [47]. Eleven SRs included studies located in countries with high-income or upper-middle income economies only [19,20,2325,2933,37,38,39]. The digital versions of patients' paper charts promise extensive benefits for personalized, safe and reliable medical care and treatment. Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). 1100 Wayne Ave, Suite #925 Silver Spring, MD 20910-5669, 2023 NASN | Terms Of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement | LiveChat. Five of the included studies examined the same weekly sleep education program from the Australian Centre for Education in Sleep. They found statistically significant improvements in self-reported measures of anxiety for participants who completed the program as compared to those in the control group [32]. Vision screening linked with free provision of spectacles, as a component of a comprehensive school eye health program, is an example of a cost-effective form of school health services that may be implemented. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Characteristics of included systematic reviews. This implies that a narrower range of SRs would have been eligible if a stricter cut-off had been selected, and vice versa. WHO reports densities of less than one physician per 1000 population in 76 countries and less than three nurses or midwives per 1000 population in 87 countries [50]. However, these results did not persist at follow-up [20]. There is potential to analyze this data at both the individual and population level to understand the links between health and education as well as the links between health interventions and outcomes. This overview and the upcoming WHO guideline will specifically address school health services delivered by health providers. Review quality was assessed using a modified Ballard and Montgomery four-item checklist. Further, they strengthen the rigor of included studies and improve decision-making ability. Given the wide reach of schools and the fact that school health services already exist in most countries, international guidelines are needed to clarify whether school health services can be effective, and if so, which interventions should and should not be included. Risk of bias within primary studies was recorded in Table B in S4 Appendix. The need for quality health care for519-year-olds is great, but globally the quality ofhealth services for them are variable and coverageis limited. Duplication of effort is something all three organizations would like to avoid. Any existing overviews or SRs of SRs that emerged from the searches were not themselves included, but the SRs within them were extracted and screened. Further, no SRs evaluated comprehensive or multi-component school health services. Finally, overlap of primary trials between SRs can bias results of an overview [15]. Instead, the authors determined which of the 16 items on the checklist were critical for this overview and which of the items were non-critical. Kavanagh and colleagues examined depression and anxiety group counseling programs based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and found statistically significant reductions of depressive symptoms at both four weeks and three months follow-up [24,39]. Fig 1 displays the PRISMA flowchart for the search. The search strategy was developed for PubMed and then adapted for the other four databases. McDonald and Drey narratively assessed group-based art therapy as an intervention for children with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), moderate to severe behavior problems, or learning disorders [33]. Finally, creative therapy interventions seem to be effective for indicated populations of school-age children, such as children with autism spectrum disorder [23,33]. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Research Brief: Addressing the Needs of Students with Chronic Health Conditions: Strategies for Schools, Research Brief: Chronic Health Conditions and Academic Achievement, Fact Sheet: Health Insurance for Children: How Schools Can Help, Fact Sheet: Managing Chronic Health Conditions in Schools: The Role of the School Nurse, National Center for Medical Home Implementation School Nurses Linking with the Medical Home, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors and Academic Grades, Tobacco Product Use Behaviors and Academic Grades, Other Health Behaviors and Academic Grades, Characteristics of an Effective Curriculum, Tips for Promoting School Employee Wellness, Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT), Body Mass Index (BMI) Measurement in Schools, Inclusive School Physical Education and Physical Activity, Physical Activity Before and After School, What School Nutrition Professionals Need to Know About COVID-19, Modifying School Spaces During Mealtimes to Reduce Spread of COVID-19, Supporting Students with Chronic Health Conditions in School-Based OST Programs, Healthy and Supportive School Environments, Strategies to Create a Healthy and Supportive School Environment, Strategies to Help Parents and Families Create Healthy and Supportive School Environments, How Families Can Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Toolkit for Schools: Engaging Parents to Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS), e-Learning Series: Training Tools for Healthy Schools, Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program, Guide to Evaluating Professional Development, Understanding the Training of Trainers Model, Professional Development Follow-Up Support, How to Build a Training Cadre: A Step-by-Step Process, Guide to Promoting Professional Development, Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC), Encourage healthy eating in school and at home, Dental Sealants Can Improve Students Oral Health, Give Your Kids a Healthy Body and Mind This Summer, Engaging Parents to Promote Healthy Schools, Funded Nongovernmental Organizations for Healthy Schools, BAM! Tips for Selecting an Electronic Documentation System, Healthcare Information and Management Systems(HIMSS), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: Health Information Privacy, Your Rights Under HIPAA. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. The final two items in the four-item checklist are (3) date of publication to ensure that results are up-to-date, and (4) matching of the scope to confirm that primary studies within SRs are relevant to the overview. When used properly, EHRs have the potential to "maximize quality, decrease cost, and prevent errors, as well as promote the interoperability of school health records with providers in other care settings." School nurses might use an EHR for: Tracking student health trends Ensuring health documentation is secure and compliant Retain all of your child's school accounts can help you see trends and patterns over time. S4 Appendix. A school health assessment is a systematic collection, review, and analysis of information about school health-related policies and programs for the purpose of improving students' health and educational outcomes. The 2017 Global Accelerated Action for the Health of Adolescents (AA-HA!) This overview used the corrected covered area (CCA), a comprehensive and validated measure, to determine overlap [16]. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. Today, electronic patient records are the accepted norm. In addition, both the Healthy School Report Card and the Healthy Schools Inventory may be used to collect data for evaluation.Are there requirements to use a school health assessment?Yes, in some states and districts. This was never required as consensus was always reached. Schools offer a unique opportunity toimplement effective health services at scale forchildren and adolescents. Automated Records Management. Items 2, 3 and 4 of Ballard and Montgomerys four-item checklist for risk of bias in overviews of reviews, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Table F. Answers to AMSTAR 2 checklist questions 116. Second, the ability of overviews to make valid and accurate conclusions is dependent upon the accuracy, rigor, and inclusiveness of the SRs themselves. This overview measured overlap using the corrected covered area (CCA) [16] and did not exclude overlapping studies. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. The school sends you reports that tell you how your child is doing in school and what the school is doing for him. Following the recommendation of the AMSTAR 2 developers [17], individual ratings were not combined into an overall score. You may know to keep a file of those records. It was also designed to suggest further research in areas where recent systematic reviews (SRs) exist, but with insufficient evidence. Kid Kohl, The records you keep can provide specific details press documentation wenn you're talking with aforementioned resources your child needs to succeed in schools. A protocol was developed a priori that outlined the overview objectives, aims, operational definitions, search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and quality appraisal methods. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. SRs were included in this overview if at least 50% of the studies within the SR fulfilled the following criteria: (a) participants were children (ages 59) or adolescents (ages 1019) enrolled in schools; (b) interventions were school-based or school-linked health services, involved a health provider (see definitions in S1 Appendix), and were of any duration or length of follow-up; (c) intervention effectiveness was compared to either no intervention, an alternative intervention, the same intervention in a different setting (i.e. The sixth study assessed a 4-day program in Brazil. Here are the product of records till keepand why they're important. The full list of the specific reasons for exclusion of full texts is available in Table A within S3 Appendix. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. All SRs primarily examined studies on school-based, rather than school-linked interventions. I am Tim Stephens. Among 1014 year olds, the leading causes of death were lower respiratory infections, drowning, road injury, diarrheal diseases, and meningitis [47]. Journal of school health, 86 (8), 585-594. This article theoretically debated the role school record to effective educational management, the importance of keeping records in school, types of school records, and characteristics of . Most schools rely upon grant funding and other financial aid to cover the implementation costs, but this often involves stringent requirements. No SRs found eligible studies comparing vision screening with no vision screening. c. schools are access sites for students to receive increased and improved care, which might not be adequately received elsewhere d. unclear if a health provider was involved), followed by if less than 50% of studies within a SR fulfilled all inclusion criteria. Finally, the overview aimed to identify the health areas and specific school health services interventions for which no SRs were found, whether because the primary literature does not exist or where there are primary studies but no SR has been conducted. The significance of records management to public healthcare facilities and institutions includes operational cost reduction and elimination of duplicated overhead costs; eliminates the creation. To be included in this overview, at least 50% of studies within each SR had to fulfill all inclusion criteria. Although the overall degree of overlap between all SRs within this overview was slight, the overlap between just these five SRs targeting mood disorders was high (CCA = 11). Meta-analysis indicated small, yet statistically significant, reductions in body mass index (BMI), BMI z-score, and BMI percentile for both obesity treatment and prevention [26]. Neil and Christensen analyzed 21 unique anxiety prevention and early intervention programs and found reductions in anxiety symptoms in 78% of the included studies [34]. Systematic reviews of intervention studies that evaluated school-based or school-linked health services delivered by a health provider were included. Improvements in trauma-related symptoms and impairment were found through narrative assessment of creative expression interventions, cognitive behavioral interventions, and multifaceted interventions [36]. Further, the exclusion of interventions delivered by non-health providers reduces the quantity and breadth of SRs included in this overview. Through meta-analysis of two RCTs, the authors found that school vision screening combined with provision of free spectacles resulted in a statistically significant 60% increase in the wearing of spectacles at 38 months follow-up as compared to vision screening combined with prescription for spectacles only [21]. A strength of this overview is that it attempted to answer a question that has not yet been answered regarding the effectiveness of both comprehensive and specific school health services delivered by a health provider. This is problematic given that health disparities for children and adolescents are greater in LMIC and LIC than in higher income countries [10]. These SRs must assess routine, multi-component school health services and the characteristics that make them effective, with special attention to content, quality, intensity, method of delivery, and cost. It is an important aspect of (school) Administration. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Investing in a school management system is perhaps one of the easiest and most effective ways quickest ways institutions make the best sense of student data. Gold and colleagues assessed daily music therapy as an intervention to improve verbal and gestural communicative skills and reduce behavioral problems in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder [23]. No review evaluated the effectiveness of a multi-component school health services intervention addressing multiple health areas. This lag may preclude the ability for an overview to truly reflect current knowledge [13]. Students from the most diverse and complex clinical settings come to school and require care that must be coordinated with acute care records in order to assure efficient, effective care, making schools an effective partner for Accountable Care Organizations. Table D. Classification of primary studies within included systematic reviews for use in corrected covered area calculation. Children as young as eight are among dozens injured by a missile barrage fired at Pavlohrad; Russia has built some of the 'most extensive defences in the world' as its leaders fear a major . Saving Lives, Protecting People, School Health Index: A Self-Assessment and Planning Guide, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors and Academic Grades, Tobacco Product Use Behaviors and Academic Grades, Other Health Behaviors and Academic Grades, Characteristics of an Effective Curriculum, Tips for Promoting School Employee Wellness, Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT), Body Mass Index (BMI) Measurement in Schools, Inclusive School Physical Education and Physical Activity, Physical Activity Before and After School, What School Nutrition Professionals Need to Know About COVID-19, Modifying School Spaces During Mealtimes to Reduce Spread of COVID-19, Supporting Students with Chronic Health Conditions in School-Based OST Programs, Healthy and Supportive School Environments, Strategies to Create a Healthy and Supportive School Environment, Strategies to Help Parents and Families Create Healthy and Supportive School Environments, How Families Can Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Toolkit for Schools: Engaging Parents to Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS), e-Learning Series: Training Tools for Healthy Schools, Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program, Guide to Evaluating Professional Development, Understanding the Training of Trainers Model, Professional Development Follow-Up Support, How to Build a Training Cadre: A Step-by-Step Process, Guide to Promoting Professional Development, Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC), Encourage healthy eating in school and at home, Dental Sealants Can Improve Students Oral Health, Give Your Kids a Healthy Body and Mind This Summer, Engaging Parents to Promote Healthy Schools, Funded Nongovernmental Organizations for Healthy Schools, BAM!
