Study endpoints were presented by descriptive statistics, aiming to compare the course of viral load between the three treatment groups. To infect a cell, the virus tricks several of that cells proteins, including one called TMPRSS2, to gain entry. Additionally, 0.02% azelastine nasal spray and 0.1% azelastine nasal spray were formulated by the addition of 0.2mg/mL or 1mg/mL azelastine hydrochloride, respectively. Nasal antiviral blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice, Finding Effective Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Understanding the Range of Reactions to SARS-CoV-2, Lee, K. (2022, April 27). By Dr. Ramya Dwivedi, Ph.D. Jul 19 2021. Following sampling, swabs were placed into 3mL Virus Transport Medium (VTM, Biocomma) and delivered to the laboratory as quickly as possible. Article Patient Rep. Outcomes 6, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41687-022-00434-1 (2022). We are aware that this limited the capture of COVID-19 specific issues as questions were not specifically aimed for COVID-19 patients. At the end of the study, patients and investigators assessed the overall tolerability and efficacy of the treatment as very good (3), good (2), moderate (1) or poor (0). J. Med. As a sensitivity analysis based on the SARS-CoV-2 E gene PCR tended to show overall the same effects, PCR results of the E gene are shown in the supplementary material (supplementary Table S3 and S4). Klussmann, J.P., Grosheva, M., Meiser, P. et al. Following translocation from nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the sigma-1 receptor (among other factors) plays a role in viral replication. Researchers began to work on compounds that stifle TMPRSS2s ability to interact with the viral protein. Shmuel, K., Dalia, M., Tair, L. & Yaakov, N. Low pH Hypromellose (Taffix) nasal powder spray could reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection rate post mass-gathering event at a highly endemic community: An observational prospective open label user survey. The product targets a stable site on the spike protein of the virus that is not known to mutate. During visits, nasopharyngeal swabs were taken for quantitative PCR measurements, and investigators assessed the patient status in accordance with the WHO clinical progression scale11. Multinomial regression analysis was done to 26 determine the association between nasal carriage of Bacillus and COVID-19 severity after 27 adjusting for age, sex, and co-morbidity status. Decreases of viral load were also reflected in increases of negative PCR results over time. Early intervention with azelastine nasal spray may reduce viral load in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32546-z. Short intervals of swab collection time points, particularly during early days of infection, and high number of PCR tests aimed to monitor SARS-CoV-2 viral loads as closely as possible, considering that only limited knowledge regarding details of viral clearance was publicly available at the time of the study development. https://cornellsun.com/2022/04/27/cornell-research-team-to-develop-covid-19-nose-spray-treatment/, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04661-w, Antiviral Nasal Spray Shows Promise Fighting COVID-19. Of those, 27 patients belonged to the 0.1% azelastine group, 28 patients to the 0.02% azelastine group and 26 patients to the placebo group (Fig. Wlfel, R. et al. Cornell Daily Sun. Nasal spray that protects against COVID-19 is also effective against the common cold . Thus, antibody therapy (bamlanivimab and etesevimab) in positively tested, non-hospitalized patients demonstrated that treatment resulted in decreased SARS-CoV-2 viral load by log100.57 on day 11, which was significantly greater compared to placebo (p=0.01)33. Overall, no significant differences were observed between treatment groups regarding gender, age and body mass index (bmi, supplementary Table S1). The WHO clinical progression scale progressively decreased in all treatment groups during the study. Article and showed they could neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 virus. B.R. To obtain SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in nasopharyngeal swabs were determined by quantitative RT-PCR using the cobas SARS-CoV-2 Test on the cobas 6800 system (Roche Diagnostic, Mannheim, Germany). A complete list of inclusion and exclusion criteria is presented in Table 1. The first administration of the nasal spray was carried out in the presence of the investigator; products were subsequently self-administered for 11days (treatment phase). Cite this article. Of note, the mean viral load value showed small variability, thereby supporting the power of the current study. TriSb92 isone of multiple nasal spray approaches but unlikely to be as durable as effective nasal vaccines, saidEricTopol, MD, a professor of molecular medicine and executive vice president of Scripps Research in La Jolla, CA. Article Identification of antiviral antihistamines for COVID-19 repurposing. Both descriptive and exploratory statistics were performed. Bearing in mind that viral load might be a surrogate measure of infectiousness, those results are encouraging as they indicate that azelastine may be a promising candidate for preventing the spread of this disease. Nineteen of those were common COVID-19 symptoms (shortness of breath [n=4], loss of smell [n=4], loss of taste [n=3], [muscle] weakness [n=2], tiredness/exhaustion [n=2], muscle ache, concentration impaired, headache, and cough). https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2021.1908127 (2021). Identification of 14 known drugs as inhibitors of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. These devices release a low-velocity aerosol mist that can be slowly inhaled over a longer period of time than metered dose and dry powder inhalers. Striking antibody evasion manifested by the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. Hypromellose-based nasal spray solution containing human IgG1 anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody cocktail is a medical device innovated to provide the dual-action physical barrier on nasal mucosa that aids the natural defence in which the mucus layer is fortified by a steric barrier-forming agent HPMC and invading viral particles of all major SARS-CoV-2 Rep. 117 https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-023-00463-7. It's a type of antibody that targets the coronavirus' spike protein. For calibration purposes of quantitative assessments, reference samples were included with each PCR run. The patient status was assessed at V1V7 and at V9 by the investigators with a 11-category ordinal score proposed by the WHO11. Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. Bullinger, M., Kirchberger, I. Upon treatment, a gradual decline of viral load from baseline (day 1) to day 11 of treatment was observed in all three study groups. This is similar to the natural SARS-CoV-2 clearance time of approximately 2weeks. 24 COVID-19 status classified as negative, asymptomatic, mild, or severe. However, a rinsing and diluting effect of the placebo formulation would have led to an underestimation of the effect of the use of the azelastine nasal spray. KaplanMeier analysis results regarding the ORF 1a/b gene from baseline (day 1) until day 11 of treatment (ITT analysis set). 27, 790792. Cegolon, L. et al. Since viral levels during early infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) tend to be highest in the nose and nasopharynx 1, a nasal spray with an active substance . Anna R. Mkel, PhD, senior scientist, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland. It can be used to help return your sense of smell if it was lost during a viral infection or minor head trauma. In a highly relevant and translational in vitro model using reconstituted human nasal tissue, a fivefold diluted commercially available azelastine nasal spray solution inhibited viral replication almost completely within 72h after SARS-CoV-2 infection10. First report on a double-blind placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial. Ethics approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of Cologne University on the 10th of February 2021. Monoclonal antibodies can block SARS-CoV-2 from . Pawar, R. D. et al. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, its treatment via the nasal route has been studied for a range of drugs17. The investigators judged the efficacy as good or very good in 74.1% (0.1% azelastine treatment), 82.1% (0.02% azelastine treatment) and 73.1% (placebo treatment) of treated patients. TMPRSS2 is a protein in mouse and human cells that SARS-CoV-2 uses as a gateway to infect humans. Zapor, M. Persistent detection and infectious potential of SARS-CoV-2 virus in clinical specimens from COVID-19 patients. Overall, none of the participating patients had clinically relevant increased values of body temperature (data not shown). and JavaScript. Researchers supported in part by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) have developed a nasal spray that has the potential to not only treat COVID-19 but also prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in a way that the virus cant mutate to avoid. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. In addition, presence or absence of fever (38.0C) was documented daily (0=no fever, 3=fever). 90 patients were recruited between 09/03/2021 and 28/04/2021, constituting the safety analysis set. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.095 (2021). Within the subgroup of patients with baseline Ct values below 25, a similar progression of viral load data was observed (Fig. De Vries, R. D. et al. Ku Z, Xie X, Hinton PR, Liu X, Ye X, Muruato AE, Ng DC, Biswas S, Zou J, Liu Y, Pandya D, Menachery VD, Rahman S, Cao . https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2027040 (2021). The most promising compound, N-0385, virtually stopped infection in its tracks. It should be noted that the SARS-CoV-2 alpha variant (B.1.1.7) was the dominant variant in Germany during the enrolment phase of the current study16. Emerg. The liquid contains NO at 0.11 ppm*hour, which acts as a viricidal agent. KaplanMeier survival analyses with log-rank test were performed to display the occurrence of negative PCR test results upon treatment. By blocking that access, compounds that target TMPRSS2 have the potential to be effective against both current and future variants. These nanobodies and TriSb92 target a specific part of the coronavirus spike protein called the receptor-binding domain (RBD). 15, 75297536. EudraCT number: 2020-005544-34. 00:00. The anti-histamine azelastine, identified by computational drug repurposing, inhibits infection by major variants of SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures and reconstituted human nasal tissue. performed and supervised sample processing and viral load measurements. Klussmann, J. P. et al. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The active substance (azelastine hydrochloride) is a histamine-1 receptor antagonist, which shows anti-inflammatory effects via mast cell stabilization and inhibition of leukotriene and pro-inflammatory cytokine production2,3,4. Receive 51 print issues and online access, Get just this article for as long as you need it, Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-03341-z. Those parameters were based on the COVID-19 symptoms published by the Robert Koch Institute (https://www.rki.de) at the time of the study. Studies into Xlear's antiviral effects on SARS . The sprays generally require multiple doses per day, whereas a single dose of a nasal vaccine may protect for months, he said. It would be desirable to extend the investigation of azelastine nasal spray as potential antiviral treatment with in vitro culture experiments. J. Mitze, T. & Rode, J. Early-stage spatial disease surveillance of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in Germany with crowdsourced data. One of these smaller antibodies is being developedfrom llamas for example; another comes fromexperiments with yeast to develop synthetic nanobodies; and in a third case, researchers isolated nanobodiesfrom llamas and from mice and showed they could neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 virus. But vaccines are fighting a changing opponent. Michel, J. et al. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.8.5.701 (2007). It would be desirable to study azelastine treatment in a greater COVID-19 population to get further insights on azelastines effects on individual symptoms and to determine its potential on long-term symptoms. Pharmacol. 11, 25262533. Thus, it should be kept in mind that treatment started at a time point where the peak of viral load had probably passed. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Kalle Saksela, MD, PhD, virologist, University of Helsinki, Nature Communications: Intranasal trimeric sherpabody inhibits SARS-CoV-2 including recent immunoevasive Omicron subvariants.. The most common COVID-19 symptoms (loss of sense of smell, loss of taste, fever, cough, and coryza) improved over time in all 3 treatment groups; and no statistical differences were observed between groups. Many elderly people as well asindividuals who are immunodeficient for various reasons do not respond to vaccines, and are in the need of other protective measures, said Kalle Saksela, MD, PhD, senior author of the study and a virologist at the University of Helsinki. Pharmaceutics 14, 2059. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102059 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04388-0 (2022). Chem. Pediatr. Assignment of the treatment with the investigational medicinal product in the different doses vs. placebo to each treatment number was performed in a centrally conducted, computer-generated 1:1:1 randomization procedure. To evaluate the total load during the study, AUC was calculated using a linear equation. 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Of those, 81 patients belonged to the Intention-To-Treat (ITT) population, comprising randomised patients meeting the key eligibility criteria and having evaluable viral load data on day 1 (baseline) and on day 11 (end of treatment). Inhibition of leukotriene synthesis by azelastine. . Evaluation of AUC values (reflecting baseline adjusted decreases of viral load over 11days) showed that the 0.1% azelastine group exhibited a greater AUC value of 24.1413.12 (referring to greater decrease) compared to the placebo group with an AUC value of 18.894.70 (p=0.007, Fig. Importantly, the AUC analysis depicting the viral load decrease based on the detection of the ORF 1a/b gene over the 11-day treatment period showed a significantly greater reduction of virus load in the 0.1% azelastine group compared to placebo. One misinformed. China and India approve nasal COVID vaccines are they a game changer? contracts here. Front. Article The RBD is where the coronavirus attaches to cells in the body. Google Scholar. contributed to the study conceptualisation. A Boots nasal spray for cold and flu has shown positive results during testing to see if it could help tackle coronavirus infections. Multinomial regression analysis was done to 26 determine the association between nasal carriage of Bacillus and COVID-19 severity after 27 adjusting for age, sex, and co-morbidity status. drafted the manuscript. Other evidence of viral infection showed similar differences between treated and untreated mice in the protective lining of cells called the, inside the nose, nasal mucosa, and airways., : Intranasal trimeric sherpabody inhibits SARS-CoV-2 including recent immunoevasive Omicron subvariants.. Recently, Shmuel et al. Nature, 10.1038/s41586-022-04661-w. Advance online publication. Of note, in vitro tests carried out prior to the current study did not indicate any interaction between the study products and the PCR reaction (see supplementary PCR data). Jean, F. (2022). J.P.K. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Other evidence of viral infection showed similar differences between treated and untreated mice in the protective lining of cells called theepithelium inside the nose, nasal mucosa, and airways.. 59.3% (0.1% azelastine treatment), 50.0% (0.02% azelastine treatment) and 80.8% (placebo treatment) of patients assessed the overall tolerability of the treatment as very good, which mirrored the tolerability judgement of the investigators, which was assessed as very good for 59.3% (0.1% azelastine treatment), 50.0% (0.02% azelastine treatment) and 80.8% (placebo treatment) of patients. PubMedGoogle Scholar. CAS At the end of the study (day 60), all except one single patient (placebo group) showed a score of 0. Dings, C. et al. Expert. Symptoms were documented in patient diaries. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany, Medical Faculty, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-864566/v1. To obtain In addition, intervals between swab sampling were short and the overall number of performed PCR tests was high to allow a very close determination of the viral clearance. Smell retraining therapy (SRT) is a treatment for loss of smell, also referred to as hyposmia or anosmia.
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