Thus peasant complicity might be either active or passive but equally significant in both cases. Privacy Policy. [33] Such transition was not permanent and could often be reversed. Man New Ser., 14 (1979): 477496. "Banditry Encyclopedia of European Social History. Blok formulated the "principle" that the more successful a bandit, the greater the protection he enjoyed. Furthermore, a group of young hares is often called leverets. A more recent phenomenon has come to light regarding Salvadoran gang members. They exhibited clear partisan rather than class leanings. Clearly, bandits had an interest in encouraging the interpretation of their actions as personal and personalizing rather than political. Brigandage moved from being a question of individual barbarism that the state had to extirpate by aggressive actions such as massive repression to one of collective measurement, documentation, education, and economic development. Pages 129149. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. As Ren Girard noted in Violence and the Sacred (1988), by killing not the murderer himself but someone close to him, an act of perfect reciprocity is avoided and the necessity for further revenge is bypassed. A member of the slighted family, usually a young man, responds with violence, thereby breaking state law, and flees. In early-seventeenth-century France the region of Prigord was infested with bandits. Many bandit groups plagued rural areas, but towns and cities could also be the haunt of the medieval gangster. 27 Apr. Thats a lot of legs and thoraxes! The state attempts to capture the offenders and, if it is successful, executes them. Unlike mythical bandits, however, actual gangs acted more often on the basis of self-interest and opportunism than in the defense of peasant-class interests. The Region was agriculturally disadvantaged due to constant flood, and thus the peasants often lived in poverty. By 1735, London newspapers regularly reported the exploits of Turpin and his "Essex Gang." Any time people have used the sea for military and commercial purposes, there presumably has been some form of piracy. Banditry is a type of organized crime committed by outlaws typically involving the threat or use of violence. [38], Similarly, small groups of local bandits could also end up joining larger groups of rebels. Yes! Peasant stories about bandits exhibit what Erick D. Langer has termed "a selective memory." [17], The Capital Region also housed a huge number of soldiers with Ming's system of hereditary military and a major portion of bandits were actually soldiers stationed in the region. When elites denied them access to land or to a living wage, the rural masses struck back using legal and extralegal tactics, including banditry. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"EV6XD901GYmICFHXx6qFgPW3RpXZeJL5FpM.yILeC4E-86400-0"}; These elite-bandit alliances helped keep local oligarchies in power and gave a degree of legitimacy to the outlaws. The legal term in the Holy Roman Empire was Acht or Reichsacht, translated as "Imperial ban". When caught and juridically processed, their bodies became the subject of a publicly demonstrated spectacle of state power. This interpretation is also problematic since violence reinforces the fragmentation of peasant collective consciousness but is not its direct cause. There can be no doubt that the discontent of the underprivileged, impoverished, and sometimes marginalized sectors of the population occasionally erupted into popular or mostly local food riots; but it also expressed itself on a smaller scale as "social I want to receive exclusive email updates from YourDictionary. Davis, John, A. For animals with multiple potential group names, weve bolded the most common that you might encounter. See also Crime and Punishment ; Vagrants and Beggars . On occasion, economic self-interest and political rebellion came together, as in the case of guerrilla banditry. If they existed in modern day times I'd refer to them as soldiers. Ruber und Gauner in Deutschland. Bandits were natural men, outside time, but nevertheless potential lawmakers. Likewise, stories about bandits should not be treated as primary raw data on the bandits themselves or as simple expressions of hidden peasant aspirations, but rather as the result of a process of elaborated discourse (including textual discourse and reinterpretation) about power relations within society. The slighted family causes the death of the original offender. In other cases, such as in Corsica, mules' ears were cut off as a ritual death threat. "Banditry Christon I. Archer, "Banditry and Revolution in New Spain, 17901821," in Biblioteca Americana 1, no. An extreme form is contemporary political brigandage, which merges with political terrorism, blending political programs, covert violence, and protection rackets. Women most likely lived with male bandit gangs at their hideouts. Encyclopedia of European Social History. Geschichte des niederen jdischen Volkes in Deutschland: Eine Studie ber historisches Gaunertum, Bettelwesen und Vagantentum. Inchiesta in Sicilia. Some common criminals simply brutalized and abused their fellow men. Encyclopedia.com. Lampio (Virgolino Ferreira da Silva) and Antnio Silvino in Brazil, Po Romero in Bolivia, and Manuel Garca in Cuba became symbols of popular resistance to oppression. Banditry in Europe traditionally appeared in areas where large-scale landholding coexisted with a relatively permanent intermediate strata of leaseholders or freeholders based upon family-sized plots, such as in Sicily, parts of Greece, and Cyprus. How authorities have responded to this form of prepotency (either through savage repression or co-option of strongmen) has itself influenced responses to banditry at the local level. Just to reiterate: Animal group names arent official. From the perspective of the modern nation-state, bandits (or brigands, a term more popular in the nineteenth century) are criminals who resist the civilizing power of the state through violence, brutality, extortion, theft, and protection rackets. In Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian collective imaginary, Souna is soon rescued by Garami, an Arms Peddler who sells weapons to clients wishing to buy guns. Once saved and closed, head to the folder Skyrim is located in. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, J "Banditry New York, 1979. Guerrilla banditry became common in Venezuela, Mexico, Cuba, and elsewhere during the wars for independence and civil wars of the nineteenth century. A person who engages in banditry is known as a bandit and primarily commits crimes such as extortion, robbery, and murder, either as an individual or in groups. [27] Similarly, Zhang's comrades Liu Brothers and Tiger Yang had wives and children. Exploring food, architecture in Costa Rica. Guerrilla popular uprisings (casting "banditry" as an expression of the struggle for freedom) against outside despotism in Corsica in the mid-eighteenth century, and Greece in the early nineteenth, caught public imagination. In the hands of urban intellectuals it points to the bad old days before the establishment of the nation-state, when life and property were not secure. While you are within your rights to refer to them as a bunch of guys, animal species all have their own collective group names. They would sail in privately owned armed ships, robbing merchant vessels and pillaging settlements belonging to a rival country. Essentialist definitions are not helpful to understanding; yet because what passes as banditry cannot be analytically separated from wide areas of social life, its presentation in discourse is particularly significant. The four bandits were Yeung Hok-ling, Sun Yat-sen, Chan Siu-bak and Yau Lit. https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, "Banditry A full understanding takes into account not just the various ways in which strongmen were co-opted by the powerful but also how such men were portrayed by various strata of society. What is a Group of Rabbits Called? Some bandits actually had a settled life and were even married. [13] Xiangmazei (whistling arrow bandits) was a category of mounted bandits named after their practice of firing whistling arrows to alert their victims. Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. In Latin America it was part and parcel of an expanding frontier economy. Other Italian bandits never reached his fame as they lacked popular support. Oxford, 1987. Bandits in Peru, Mexico, and Argentina operated in a similar fashion. D for Donkeys A group of donkeys is called a drove. Many bandits in Corsica, Sicily, Cypress, and elsewhere embarked on their careers through personal vendettas. But bandit myth, like most myth, expresses only half-truths. [34] Another example would be Deng Maoqi, a bandit in Fujian who perpetrated robbery on roads and in villages in the late 1440s. While there isnt an official committee that says its a murder of crows or a crash of rhinos, its still worth knowing these different animal group names for your writing and personal knowledge. So a murder of crows is one of the coolest (or at least memorable) animal group names. Hobsbawm tended to an expressive interpretation. London, 1972. Despite the popular image, polygyny among bandits was the exception and not the rule. ArCaLu/Shutterstock.com One of the most widely used names for a group of rabbits is a colony. Robbery, kidnapping, and murder all qualify as piratical activities, provided there's some water and a boat involved. "[10] As a result, Tong finds that banditry, like other types of collective violence, had a spatial and temporal pattern. Bandits and Bureaucrats: The Ottoman Route to State Centralization. Like Robin Hood's Band of Merry Men, Kil-tong's group of bandits. Braudel, Fernand. Tullian and eleven of his associates were ultimately caught and executed. The more protected an individual was, especially by powerful patrons, as in Sicily, the less he needed to use violence for the meanings it could convey and the more opportunities he had to employ ambiguity and courtesya point noted by many outside observers, although such courtesy must surely have been ironic. The term bandit (introduced to English via Italian around 1776) originates with the early Germanic legal practice of outlawing criminals, termed *bamnan (English ban). New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Revenge in kind is threatened by the family who made the initial slight. ." The bandit is thus not so much an expression of peasant reaction to oppression or a form of wish fulfillment as a transfiguration of peasant suffering, transformed from individual execution to the collective personification of sacrifice. the so-called haiduks were men of the people who stood against the hegemony of foreign rulers and the exploitation of the poor by the nobility. Indeed, when used by state authorities, the pejorative "bandits" labels forms of violent resistance they cannot control except by equally brutal repression. There were basic differences between banditry in predominantly agricultural areas and in mountainous pastoral areas. Violence worked to encourage individuals to "mind their own business." So does banditry become a historiographical discourse about order, justice, and freedom. (April 27, 2023). The Cuban independence period illustrates both political banditry and the interpretive debates going on in the study of banditry. Christon Archer coined the term "guerrilla bandits" to describe opportunists who used war as an excuse to pillage. After wars, for example in the eighteenth century, veterans often roamed the country in predatory groups that some peasants regarded as bandits or brigands. A widespread and effective climate of fear would in any case be difficult to maintain if it were to be reduced to the potential violent actions of a few individuals, unless it were supported by a consent bandits received at the local level. Princeton, N.J., 1985. He was betrayed by a friend and was killed. At other times, outlaw pirates would operate with the tacit encouragement of a government but without the written legal authorization given to privateers. However, in some cases it proves difficult to distinguish between ordinary bandits and politically minded heroic outlaws, fighting against the oppressor. Banditry is therefore a phenomenon that is not only often refractory to the investigations of the outside observer but also concealed from the participants themselves. He is still celebrated in German folklore, being idealized as a "social bandit." However, if youre in doubt, you can always stick with herd or group. They are much like traditional knights, only they're a whole group, they've never been knighted and aren't members of nobility. Noted for their fur (or hair) and ability to produce milk to feed their young, mammals come in all shapes and sizes. A bandit is a robber, thief, or outlaw. Eric J. Hobsbawm, Bandits, rev. Stories that circulate about the bandit or mafioso often constitute an essential part of his power. The word "thug" traces its roots to the Hindi and Urdu word thag, which means thief or swindler, and which itself is derived from the Sanskrit verb sthagati (to conceal).. Previously bandits were seen as "barbarians" with whom one could coexist, inhabiting the same time, and whose criminality was predictable but religiously condemnable. Although it would be simplistic to attribute the decline of banditry in the modern world to the state's increasing monopoly of violence, this is certainly important. Colorful memoirs by buccaneers such as William Dampier and Lionel Wafer influenced the depictions of pirates by the writers Daniel Defoe and Robert Louis Stevenson and thus were important sources for the modern pop culture image of the golden age of piracy. [7] In his 1991 book Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty, James W. Tong uses data from provincial and prefectural gazetteers of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties to analyze patterns of violence during the Ming Dynasty. 3 (September 2004): 759-779. Female gang leaders were out of the question in early modern times, although some of the women associated with organized robbery, such as the famous German archthief named Alte Lisel, could well have commanded a band themselves. According to Hobsbawm, the characteristic feature of social bandits is that "they are peasant outlaws who the lord and state regard as criminals, but who remain within peasant society, and are considered by the people as heroes, as champions, avengers, fighters for justice, perhaps even leaders of liberation, and in any case as men to be admired, helped and supported" (p. 17). bandit noun [ C ] us / bn.dt / uk / bn.dt / a thief with a weapon, especially one belonging to a group that attacks people traveling through the countryside Synonym brigand literary SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases Murderers & attackers abductor assailant assassin attacker basher butcher cyberbully death squad gunman highwayman Stories about bandits should be treated as texts to be deconstructed. Gttingen, 1976. The women who shared the roving life of bandits normally did not step outside the generally accepted gender role. Madrid, 1991. Yet through that act the bandit embarked on his final transformation. From the perspective of the state, the Mafia and brigantaggio became part of the wider questione meridionale (the southern question): Why is the South backward, crime ridden, and state resistant? As with mammals, birds come in all forms, leading to a delightfully poetic sampling of collective nouns, from convocations to murders. Bandidos somos y en el camino andamos: Bandidaje, caminos y administracin de justicia en el siglo XIX, 18211855: El caso de Michoacn. Thus activities by bandits that had political implications (such as violence that kept the peasants cowed and docile) were often perceived as personal at the grass roots and hence of only limited concern, except to the participants. Another way to say Group Of Bandits? Whereas smaller animals such as dogs were destroyed, larger ones such as sheep were grievously wounded, and the largest animals (bulls, mules, etc.) His adventurous life is the subject of many novels, poems, and even movies. "The Peasant and the Brigand: Social Banditry Reconsidered." Sometimes you look at a group of animals, and youre not really sure what to refer to them as collectively. Chicago, 1935. Moss, David. As the genesis of banditry was personal, so too was its prosecution. Instead of blithely accepting bandit images from folk legends and literature as fact, scholars must use them as lenses for viewing peasant cultures. 4 Encyclopedia Britannica More than most other social phenomena, the characterization of banditry depends upon how it is approached. Argentina's rural poor identified with the persecution suffered by legendary gauchos like Juan Moreira and Martn Fierro. Blok and others interpreted it in instrumental terms: violence ensures peasant submission. Paris, 1984. -. American Quarterly 56, no. Prodded by my daughter Nadia who had taken . One official reported that soldiers travelling by the Grand Canal from adjacent garrisons to the capital committed robbery and murder against civilian travelers and merchants; on the land, these soldiers had fallen into mounted banditry as well. Equipment Looters can spawn with in battle. Britannica Dictionary definition of BANDIT [count] : a criminal who attacks and steals from travelers and who is often a member of a group of criminals They were two of the most famous bandits [= outlaws, robbers] of the 19th century. Violent retribution was "justice," a private affair not to be reported to the state. The German equivalent to Dick Turpin is Johann Bckler (17831803), alias Schinderhannes (John the Knacker).

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