[53], NEAVS policy advocacy includes petitioning the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to require, when existing, validated alternatives in place of animal testing through the Mandatory Alternatives Petition (MAP) Coalition,[54] lobbying for dissection choice,[25] petitioning the U.S. , Li W, Lai X, Chen H, Huang O, Kang XZ, Li K, Ren J, Lin X, Zheng H, Huang W, Ma Y, Xu D, Chen Z, Song X, Lin X, Zhuang M, Wang T, Zhuang F, Xi J, Mao FF, Xia H, Lahn BT, Zhou Q, Yang S, Xiang AP. NHPs are critical for translational research and are sometimes the only relevant animal models because of their close genetic, physiological, and behavioral similarity to humans versus other animals, such as rodents. These conditions are correlated with negative health outcomes in humans, including development of autism and asthma. Currently, AFAAR and NEAVS offer a one-year postdoctoral fellowship grant to fund women researchers who work to develop, validate, or use animal alternatives in investigating women's health or sex differences in research results. The development of vaccines that prevent infection of humans by Hepatitis A and B viruses and antivirals that provide curative therapies for hepatitis C virus infections is one of the clearest examples of the critical nature of an NHP preclinical model, in this case the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Animals often suffer greatly in these studies, as they are inflicted with diseases, traumas, and pain they would not normally experience in order to mimic human conditions. [7], Today, NEAVS continues its work through public outreach, education, legislation and policy change, supporting animal sanctuaries, and funding the development of alternatives to animals in research and science education.[9]. M Olsson J NHP-related studies of CVD also provide good examples of the use of multiple NHP species; the authors discuss the relative merits of different species for specific types of investigations. Chen 2009), autism (Liu et al. They summarize data for disorders associated with ovarian and uterine function and deleterious conditions associated with pregnancy. In contrast to mice, NHPs demonstrate all of the features of infection of humans by Mtb, particularly the formation of granulomas that have very similar physiology to those in human infection and immune responses that parallel those of humans. With the support of people like you, we save animals from [24], NEAVS' affiliate, the Ethical Science and Education Coalition (ESEC), lobbied and testified before the Massachusetts state legislature in support of a bill that would have given public school students the right to opt out of dissection classes. WebContact Who is Neavs Headquarters 333 Washington St Ste 850, Boston, Massachusetts, 02108, United States Phone Number (617) 523-6020 Website www.releasechimps.org M Investigators in all parts of the world, including the United States, Europe, and Asia, would greatly benefit from reviews that summarize the capabilities of these Asian centers in more detail. 2017 and references therein). 2017). However, this concept has gained little traction with funding agencies. 2 0 obj NEAVS' campaign against hormone replacement therapy drugs made from the urine of pregnant horses encourages women to use alternatives. Examples include studies of several visual abnormalities (Mustari 2017), development of HIV/AIDS vaccines and therapeutics (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017), and therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. In addition, animals are kept in sterile, stressful environments that cause them to develop abnormal physiological and behavioral responses. Lanford , Lutz C. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Reduced ability to transport animals by air has partially inhibited the ability to move NHPs from one center to another, and for US academic researchers, has inhibited transfer of animals from one continent to another. Discussions of NHP-related research often cite shortages in the supply of some species, leading to high prices and long waiting times to obtain animals. <> Human vaccine trials based on NHP preclinical models have not demonstrated sufficient efficacy to warrant large-scale application to human populations but have provided critical information that can be used to develop more effective vaccines (Office of AIDS Research 2017; Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017, and references therein). Furthermore, major users of research animals, such as pharmaceutical companies and universities, are often reticent to acknowledge use of animals and therefore are limited in their ability to defend investigations that require them. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Betsy Ferguson (Oregon NPRC), Robert Norgren (University of Nebraska Medical Center), Jeffrey Rogers (Baylor College of Medicine), and my former NIH colleagues Drs. In some cases, NHPs may be the only relevant animal models for a particlular translational study. An example is the transfer of macaques and marmosets from the New England NPRC to four other NPRCs when the New England Center closed in 2015. An Assessment of the Role of Chimpanzees in AIDS Vaccine Research Bailey, J. Boston, MA (PRWEB) September 05, 2013 -- The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS), Boston, and its affiliate, the American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR), New York, continue their legacy of supporting scientists committed to non-animal research with the launch of their 2014-15 Fellowship Grant for Alternatives to This phenomenon, however, is also highly nuanced. , Callaway EM, Churchland P, Caddick SJ, Feng G, Homanics GE, Lee K-F, Leopold DA, Miller CT, Mitchell JF, Mitalipov S, Moutri AR, Movshon JA, Okano H, Reynolds, JH, Ringach D, Sejnowski TJ, Silva AC, Strick PL, Wu J, Zhang F. Bimber Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 2017). Monroe, C. Baird, J. Peterson, A. Mast, M. Manco-Johnson, M. Stobb, S. Sindi, A. Fogelson, K. Leiderman, K.B. For many years, the United States has been the center of gravity for breeding and characterizing NHPs for preclinical research, with some breeding in Europe. <>>> JCI Zimmermann, T. Schraeder, B. Reynolds, E.M. DeBoer, K.B. Belmonte This article discusses various approaches toward therapies developed in NHPs that are in the early clinical trial stage in humans. Monroe, A.L. DM , Browne WJ, Cuthill IC, Emerson M, Altman DG. WebNEW ENGLAND ANTI-VIVISECTION SOCIETY 333 Washington Street, Suite 850 Boston, MA 02108 Phone: 617-523-6020 Fax: 617-523-7925 Email: info@neavs.org neavs.org 2016 brought enormous success to NEAVS long-standing focus on non-animal alternatives and chimpanzees. SD Herson, D.W.M. Zimmermann, E.J. However, although not always attained in practice, NHPs must usually be the animal model that is ultimately employed in the preclinical setting for evaluating efficacy and safety of a pharmaceutical, vaccine, or device prior to human clinical trials. CROs still have the ability to move animals from Asia to the United States. Rodents may not be relevant models, because their physiology and response to infection are not sufficiently close to those of humans. harmful, invasive, and lethal research on all great apes in the U.S.the largest holding of chimpanzees for use in research in the world. . 2016; Ke et al. BN ESEC's mission is to "end the harmful use of animals at all levels of science education" by providing resources and services that support alternatives to the use of animals in education, specifically the use of animals in terminal labs, live animal demonstrations, training courses, and dissection. In contrast, the demand for rhesus and cynomolgus macaques has been relatively constant over the past several years. This review also briefly discusses approaches such as gene therapy, stem cell-based technologies, neuro-prosthetics, and optogenetics that can be used to restore retinal function, leading to amelioration of retinal diseases. WebAbout NNEVS. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are the closest animal models to humans regarding genetics, physiology and behavior. LA National Research Council (US) Institute for Laboratory Animal Research I also hope these reviews will provide critical basic information on the use of NHPs for translational research to the very large number of stakeholders, including patients, involved with these high-profile diseases and to the general public. Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant. Animals don't have to be used for human's wants. The baboon sequence, while not yet published, is available from public databases (reviewed in Harding 2017). Given the complexity of translational research and the fact that any animal model cannot totally reproduce the human condition, there are many challenges and opportunities when NHPs are used for translation. The authors point out that there are still important medical issues regarding Hepatitis, such as the development of curative therapies for chronic Hepatitis B, as opposed to the successful development of vaccines to thwart new infections, and the development of a vaccine for Hepatitis C, as opposed to the successful development of antivirals. They also discuss early experiments using chimpanzees, which, while unsuccessful in themselves, provided information that was useful for development of the SIV-macaque animal model. A therapy or vaccine may, in its first application to humans, provide only partial efficacy or may raise critical questions that can only be answered by going back to animal models. F Alternatives to Laboratory Animals (ATLA), 36(4), 381-428. The regulatory laboratories provided diagnostic services for , Raboin MJ, Letaw J, Nevonen KA, Spindel JE, McCouch SR, Cervera-Juanes R, Spindel E, Carbone L, Ferguson B. Bimber 2016). [40][41][30], In 2000, the Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance, and Protection (CHIMP) Act was signed into law, authorizing the retirement of chimpanzees in research who were "not needed". , Schlange T, Asadullah K. Reardon There are, however, several challenges involved with the application of large-scale genomic sequencing to develop new NHP models for translational medicine. , Sparman M, Sritanaudomchai H, Ma H, Clepper L, Woodward J, Li Y, Ramsey C, Kolotushkina O, Mitalipov S. Tardif In practice, as is clear from the papers in this issue, several different animal models may be used to study a specific problem in translational science. John D Harding, Nonhuman Primates and Translational Research: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges, ILAR Journal, Volume 58, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 141150, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilx033. As this article was being written, the US Food and Drug Administration temporarily suspended research aimed at understanding aspects of nicotine addiction using squirrel monkeys, apparently based on a direct request of the primatologist, Dr. Jane Goodall, to the FDA Commissioner (McGinley 2017). In response to the general problem of reproducibility of both basic and preclinical research using animals, the NIH has recently published new requirements for grant applications, which will be part of peer-review and programmatic consideration (Hewitt et al. WebBiomedical Research. The reviews herein provide detailed information that updates and augments these papers and websites. 1 0 obj MA Examples include support for women doing research that does not involve animals and is aimed at understanding, among other things, sex differences' effect on biomedical research results as well as the implications of such differences for the use of other species to extrapolate animal data to human health; and environmentalism through investigation of the serious and detrimental environmental impact that the use and disposal of millions of animals used in research, testing, and education has on the environment (women and the environment are the core of NEAVS' Common Ground campaign). AWS The point for the current review is not that problems related to reproducibility of animal studies exist, but that dealing with systemic issues such as sample size and blinding can be a major issue for translational studies using NHPs, as it is for rodents. Typically, they rely on animal models, research subjects that mimic a specific malady. Identified 4 new grant, including a grant for, American Partnership for Eosinophilic Disorders (APFED), Supporters of Agricultural Research Foundation, The Howard and Georgeanna Jones Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, Private Foundation Excise Taxes on Undistributed Income, Gifts from Private Foundations to Donor Advised Funds, Interim Executive Director / Director of Development, Director of Government Relations and Policy, Net gain from sale of non-inventory assets. [43], On June 26, 2013, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced it would move forward with plans to retire almost 90% of its chimpanzees to sanctuary. They cite approaches to vaccine development that were first tested successfully in NHPs and have now moved to Phase II human clinical trials and also make the point that some vaccine approaches that appeared to be successful in mice, but were not tested in NHPs, failed in humans. NHPs present difficulties relative to rodents in regard to genetic modification. American Anti-Vivisection Society 2023. Approximately 2000 animals were transferred, without loss of a single animal; specific pathogen-free animals remained free of viruses. Sanctuaries funded in the past include Animals Asia Foundation, Chimp Haven, Fauna Foundation, and Save the Chimps. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the National Academy of Sciences. Pgs. Cost must probably be decreased further to allow for whole genome sequencing of large numbers of animals. D [38][55][56][57], Through its Sanctuary Fund, NEAVS makes grants to organizations providing lifetime care for animals previously used in research. Michelle Wade, Continuing Education Coordinator. , Morris TH. These studies include the effects of long-term energy restriction in aging NHPs. [22][23] A survey completed by the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association in 2007 indicated that half of U.S. vet schools no longer require terminal labs in core courses. WebIn 2010, the European Commission passed legislation to prohibit the use of great apes in biomedical research. Large nonprofit NHP centers in the United States include the seven US National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs, https://www.nprcresearch.org) and other facilities, such as the New Iberia Research Center (http://nirc.louisiana.edu/), The Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research (https://www.mdanderson.org/research/departments-labs-institutes/programs-centers/michale-e-keeling-center-for-comparative-medicine-and-research.html), the Caribbean Primate Research Center (http://cprc.rcm.upr.edu/), and the Wake Forest University Primate Center (http://www.wakehealth.edu/ccmr/). This effort was accompanied by an innovative use of the internet to report the details of experiments in real time before publication, as an aid to other investigators. These articles are briefly described as follows. Kept in sterile environments with little attention or enrichment, treated roughly for not cooperating, and transported under unacceptable conditions, the pain and distress that animals used in research experience actually starts long before they enter a laboratory. Can new tools and technology improve translational power? , Schoenbaum EE, Lee LS, Schteingart DE, Marantz PR, Anderson KE, Platt LD, Baez A, Esposito K. Sasaki Natural differences in physiology, metabolism, and anatomy between humans and other animals lead to very different reactions to various stimuli. [31], As part of this campaign, NEAVS published a number of scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals examining the utility of chimpanzees in biomedical research. Combined and coordinated use of NHPs, other relevant animal models, and alternatives could enhance the ability to successfully develop pharmaceuticals with improved probability of success in human clinical trials. One species for which a supply-demand problem does potentially exist at present in the United States is the marmoset, which may be particularly useful for neurobiological studies and for development of new NHP disease models using genetic engineering and assisted reproductive technologies (Belmonte et al. WebThe American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) and the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) offer a $40,000, one-year postdoctoral fellowship grant (with possible renewal) to a woman interested in developing, validating, or using alternatives to animal methods in the investigation of women's health or sex differences. Arrays have also been developed to aid in aspects of colony management, such as testing for parentage or geographic origin (Kanthaswamy et al. endobj Translational studies using NHPs depend on the availability and characterization of animals, high-quality animal husbandry and welfare, and the development of assays and technologies. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Neeves. Marr, K.B. 2017). In the context of NHP-based studies, it is important to note that centers such as the NPRCs maintain very detailed computerized animal records that include many of these data. WebBOSTON, MA (December 15, 2011) The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine (IOM) today released results of their nine-month long study, called for by the NIH, to investigate the current and future need for chimpanzees in research. , Ellis LM. Hay 2016): (1) characterization of gene content and organization of the experimental animal species in comparison to humans, to understand the potential use of an animal model to study a specific human disease or genetic condition; (2) analysis of genetic variation in individual animals to identify potential mutant NHPs that can be developed as models of specific human diseases; (3) development of genome arrays that can be used for mapping studies that identify potential disease genes, or more generally, for identifying Quantitative Trait Loci, genomic regions that contain disease genes (Cox 2013); (4) development of arrays or other assays that can be used to stratify the population of animals to be used as experimental subjects to enhance the accuracy of preclinical studies and to reduce animal numbers needed for translational studies. , Olivier M, Spradling-Reeves K, Karere G, Comuzzie A, VandeBerg J. Cyranoski <> Grants from foundations and other nonprofits. Our focus is now on providing former laboratory chimpanzees release and restitution in sanctuary. [32][33][34][35][36], NEAVS also lobbied Congress in support of the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act (GAPCSA), first introduced in 2008 and again in 2011. , Lackner A. Xia M 2017). C Ogden 2016; Sasaki 2015; Sasaki et al. In addition, the rigor of the requirements for animal protection (for example for cage sizes) and welfare has, in my opinion, not been described in sufficient detail for these Asian centers. The articles in this issue of the ILAR Journal provide a rich and nuanced picture of the utility of NHP preclinical models for understanding and treating human disease. NEAVS supports using alternatives to animals in research, testing, and education, and promotes in vitro, epidemiological, and clinical study data as more predictive for humans. NEAVS funds scientists developing alternatives, and advocates for policies requiring use of validated animal alternatives in research and testing. , Zhang XF, Choi SH, Okahara J, Sasaki E, Silva AC. In the past several years, there has been considerable discussion regarding the reproducibility of animal studies and therefore the utility of animals for translational research. These new requirements will be challenging for investigators proposing NHP-based research and for peer reviewers, in part because of the expense associated with each animal in an NHP-based study and the potential difficulty of obtaining adequate numbers of females, neonates, or juveniles. , Kievit P, Bremer AA, Comuzzie AC. The ability to readily sequence individual animals has prompted the champions of this technology to suggest large-scale sequencing of many more animals, particularly rhesus at the NPRCs (Bimber et al. 2016; SCHEER, 2017). This contrasts with the situation in Japan, where the marmoset has served as the basis of extensive efforts to develop transgenic animals and appears to be in relatively plentiful supply for domestic researchers (Cyranoski 2014). Richard Stouffer and Teresa Woodruff review the use of NHPs to study critical issues related to womens reproductive health. The preclinical research essential for meeting these goals requires use of NHP preclinical models. In brief, the whole genome sequence or the exomic sequence (expressed genes) of an NHP can be used for the following (for a more detailed discussion, see Harding 2013, 2017 and references therein; Bimber et al. , Locke P. Veazey [30], Launched in 2004, NEAVS' national campaign, Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories, aims to end all biomedical research using chimpanzees in the U.S. and retire them to sanctuaries. In January of 2017, NNEVS became an independent Non-Profit Vascular Ultrasound Society, no longer affiliated with SVU as a chapter. . Additionally, a large number of scientists use genetic engineering (i.e., inserting, deleting, or otherwise altering the function of genes) or physical, chemical, and/or biological means to cause human conditions or symptoms in animals, creating models who may exhibit human diseases. Supplies of marmosets can be increased rapidly relative to macaques, because of the relatively short generation time of marmosets and the fact that pregnancies usually result in twins rather than singletons. Biomedical researchers attempt to answer basic questions about human biology and apply those findings to improve human health. Even when a variant animal is identified, there may be no phenotypic assay for the potential disease condition in the NHP. , Pinto da Silva S, Townend D, Sandoe P. Park 2015), and animals with genetically encoded calcium indicators that can be used for imaging neural activity in vivo (Park et al. [42] In 2012, NEAVS and others organizations submitted a rulemaking petition to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) asking for criteria defining when chimpanzees are no longer needed. (2017) have reported sequencing of several additional rhesus, which can be used to further refine the rhesus genome assembly and allow new inferences about rhesus genome organization and potential for identifying disease genes in captive populations. Smaller colonies of the new world marmoset (Callithrix jaccus) are also housed at the NPRCs. Scientists Burch and Russell created the 3Rs: reduction, refinement and replacement to further anti-vivisection. Northern New England Vascular Societywas founded by Betty LaBombard, Maryann Waters, Anne Musson and Nancy Gardner in 1994 as an Affiliate Chapter of the Society for Vascular Ultrasound (SVU). These data are now expected for publications that describe rodent-based experiments. If the three-stage model of human translational research is used as a reference (Rubio et al. NEAVS also works to educate the public, lawmakers, and others about the needs of primates used in research, The ability to transport NHPs by air has changed dramatically in the past several years. WebThe New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and (2016). These authors review the objectives of a typical enhancement plan for animals, relevant outcome measures, challenges, costs, and benefits. (2015), Phillips et al. . Capitanio A second example is the varied stress that is experienced by macaques that are in different places in the dominance hierarchies within the colonies that are the basis of group housing of these animals. The website for the US National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) includes short discussions of the use of NHPs to study several different diseases (https://www.nprcresearch.org). Y Our vision is to use engineering science to discover mechanisms that regulate blood disorders and innate immunity, and to exploit those mechanisms to develop diagnostic and drug delivery technologies. 2016). NHPs were critical preclinical models for development of these antiviral drugs (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017). Paper topics include findings of research chimpanzee autopsy reports, the implications of genetic differences between chimpanzees and humans, and the applicability of using chimpanzees as research models for cancer, hepatitis C, and AIDS. A major challenge for the research community is to find means to communicate with the public and the US Congress and executive branch more clearly and decisively regarding the importance of the animal-based investigations that are the current basis of translational research. 2014; other examples reviewed by Hewitt et al. [3], When Clement became president in 1911, his journalistic expertise boosted both public awareness of vivisection and membership in the organization. [6], Under Capaldo, the board and staff developed and attempted to implement a succession of new strategies with which to achieve the organization's sole mission of ending the use of animals in science and replacing them with non-animal and scientifically superior alternatives. As issue editor, I expect that these reviews will be of use to many different researchers, including clinical investigators as well as personnel in funding agencies, as would be expected. Genomic and exomic sequences of NHPs can now be obtained readily, at moderate, but still significant, cost.

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