Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. Because histopathologic findings can vary in women with multiple SCC lesions, from keratoacanthoma-like to well-differentiated SCC, we hypothesized that TP53 variants might shed light on the appropriate classification. Verruciform xanthomas are well-demarcated, yellowish-orange papules or plaques with verruciform surfaces ranging from 0.2 to 2 cm in diameter.89 Not surprisingly, the clinical morphology often raises concern for condyloma acuminatum or verrucous carcinoma.89,90 In a study of 10 vulvar verruciform xanthomas, all were associated with vulvar inflammatory or neoplastic conditions including lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, Paget disease, and radiodermatitis.89 Although HPV has been proposed in the past as the etiologic agent, multiple studies have failed to confirm a causal relationship.9193 Based on its benign nature and association with various diseases, it is now widely believed that verruciform xanthoma represents a mucocutaneous reaction to localized trauma and chronic inflammation.94. 2019;13(4):5739. A long-term study of thirty patients. Almazyad A, Li CC, Woo SB. Malignant transformation risk of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis. In another experiment Burkholderia bacteria with both the TOM plasmid as well as nickel resistance genes was inoculated into yellow lupine; this increased the root mass of the plants, but the amounts of TCE transpired was not statistically significant. Squamous cell papilloma (SCP) is defined as a benign proliferation of the surface epithelium of various organs including the skin, lip, tongue, oral cavity, larynx, Endophytic fungi may be from Hypocreales and Xylariales of the Sordariomycetes (Pyrenomycetes) class or from the class of Loculoascomycetes. While some authors believe that the 2 are either identical or closely related on a continuous spectrum, accumulating evidence suggests that these are distinct entities. [39] Non-systemic or transient endophytes on the other hand vary in number and diversity within their plant hosts under changing environmental conditions. Oral Dis. [4] Vertically transmitted fungal endophytes are typically considered clonal and transmit via fungal hyphae penetrating the embryo within the host's seeds, while reproduction of the fungi through asexual conidia or sexual spores leads to horizontal transmission, where endophytes may spread between plants in a population or community. The epithelium remains relatively thin. Abbey LM, Kaugars GE, Gunsolley JC, et al. B, Fibrovascular cores are present. Part of Springer Nature. A, An exophytic and endophytic verrucous squamous proliferation with a bulbous, pushing base. Endophytes also provide their hosts with an increased resilience to both abiotic and biotic stressors such as drought, poor soils and herbivory. [The value of laminin-322 staining in distinguishing between keratoacanthoma, keratoacanthoma with areas of squamous cell carcinoma, and crateriform squamous cell carcinoma]. An expert working group of oral and maxillofacial and head and neck pathologists reviewed microscopic features in a rigorous fashion, in combination with review of clinical photographs when available. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, SPECIAL SECTIONESSENTIAL DERMATOPATHOLOGY FOR THE GENERAL SURGICAL PATHOLOGIST, PART I, GIANT CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM (BUSCHKE-LWENSTEIN TUMOR), WARTY/WARTY-BASALOID HIGH-GRADE SQUAMOUS INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION AND SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA, https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2018-0039-RA, Molecular Profiling of Syringocystadenocarcinoma Papilliferum Reveals, Transcription Factor Immunohistochemistry in the Classification of Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumor/Adenoma, Using Pathology Synoptic Reporting Data to Create Individual Dashboards for Pathologists and Surgeons, TRPS1 and GATA3 Expression in Invasive Breast Carcinoma With Apocrine Differentiation, Navigating Practice Issues Related to the Unsatisfactory Cervicovaginal Papanicolaou Test: Survey Results of Laboratories Participating in the 2020 College of American Pathologists PAP Education Program, Updated Salivary Gland Immunohistochemistry: A Review, The Application and Pitfalls of Immunohistochemical Markers in Challenging Diagnosis of Genitourinary Pathology, The Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Autopsies Surrounding the Time of Pandemic Onset: A Retrospective Review of Cases, MicroRed Blood Cell, Fragmented Red Blood Cell, Platelet Distribution Width, Mean Platelet Volume, and PlateletLarge Cell Ratio on Sysmex XN Series Hematology Analyzers Can Be Used for the Reflex Test of Impedance Platelet Count in Clinical Practice. PubMed A common diagnostic quandary is regarding anogenital seborrheic keratosis (SK)like lesions without identifiable koilocytes (Figure 1, C). B, Higher magnification reveals features of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: cytoplasmic vacuolation, coarse keratohyalin granules, and perinuclear eosinophilic inclusions in the spinous and granular layers (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 40 [A] and 400 [B]). A, A typical papillomatous papule with only mild hyperkeratosis. The lesions demonstrated the spectrum of histologic features described in PVL, and in some cases, patients developed oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). A, An exophytic and endophytic verrucous squamous proliferation with a bulbous, pushing base. Upadhyaya JD, Fitzpatrick SG, Islam MN, Bhattacharyya I, Cohen DM. Zain RB, Kallarakkal TG, Ramanathan A, et al. Parakeratosis is usually more abundant than in condyloma acuminatum.37 The key distinguishing feature is the presence of cytologic atypia in that the keratinocytes in the lower epithelium are enlarged and pleomorphic (Figure 4, B). Immunohistochemistry for p16 does not distinguish verrucous carcinoma from giant condyloma acuminatum, as both display negative or focal staining.30 Nuclear p53 staining is commonly present but mostly confined to the basal and suprabasal layers. Given its papillomatous architecture and large size, many regarded giant condyloma acuminatum as a variant of verrucous carcinoma. The scrotum, groin, and pubis may also be affected.2123 The tumor grows exophytically and endophytically, and the exophytic excrescences are often described as cauliflower-like. Fistula formation between papillae is common. Type III clavicipitaceous endophytes grow within their plant host without manifesting symptoms of disease or harming their host. Papillomatous and endophytic squamous proliferation is present with keratin plug, parakeratin, and mild pleomorphism of keratinocytes extending to the base of the biopsy (a). The eruption was initially treated with topical 5-FU twice daily for 4 weeks to treat his large hyperkeratotic lesions on the lower legs that were concerning for multifocal eruptive squamous atypia 2018;12(4):50010. The papillae have mostly rounded tips and prominent fibrovascular cores. A few neutrophils are typically present. Gonzlez-Moles M, Ruiz-vila I, Gonzlez-Ruiz L, et al. Clinically, warty and warty-basaloid HSIL and invasive SCC may mimic condyloma acuminatum when discrete papillomatous papules or plaques are present.44, On histopathology, warty HSIL and SCC mimic condyloma acuminatum by their verruciform architecture, conspicuous fibrovascular cores, and koilocytosis (Figure 4, A). SEBASTIAN, SHELDON; WebHistologically, it is characterized by stratified squamous epithelium with few atypical cells. Inter-observer variability in the diagnosis of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: clinical implications for oral and maxillofacial surgeon understanding: a collaborative pilot study. Epub 2020 Oct 16. Ten of the 14 tumors that remained classified as SCC had detectable TP53 mutations. While the basaloid subtype rarely mimics condyloma acuminatum, it shares overlapping features with the warty-basaloid subtype, which has a condyloma-like, verruciform silhouette (Figure 4, C).37 The epithelium is basaloid due to a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and nuclear hyperchromasia (Figure 4, C; inset). J Oral Maxillofac Surg. Silverman S Jr, Gorsky M. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a follow-up study of 54 cases. 2008;58(1):1517. Epub 2008 Jul 8. 2008 Apr;30(2):127-34. doi: 10.1097/DAD.0b013e318161310c. Microscopically, the lesion showed proliferation of the well-differentiated stratified squamous epithelium, forming endophytic complex branching networks interconnected with multiple deep keratin-filled clefts and crypts. In contrast, basaloid HSIL is characterized by a flat surface and minimal maturation from the basal layer to the granular layer. Observer variability in the histologic assessment of oral premalignant lesions. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa; terminology, classification and present concepts of management. Squamous cell papilloma (SCP) is generally a human papillomavirus (HPV) induced exophytic or endophytic proliferation on the surface of the skin, oral cavity, larynx, esophagus, cervix, vagina, and anal canal. Despite these failures, such techniques might lead to some future improvements. Class 1 endophytes typically confer benefits on their plant host such as improving plant biomass, increasing drought tolerance and increasing the production of chemicals that are toxic and unappetizing to animals, thereby decreasing herbivory. The site is secure. Its giant variant (giant condyloma acuminatum of Buschke-Lwenstein) is discussed separately in the next section. Histopathologically, VV is characterized by marked verruciform acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. Keywords: 2007;43(3):22431. Head Neck Pathol. [11][12], Endophytes may benefit host plants by preventing other pathogenic or parasitic organisms from colonizing them. Oral Oncol. [2] Though, most of the endophytic studies reports the mutualistic relationship of bacteria and fungus, Das et al., (2019) reported about endophytic virome and their probable function in plant defense mechanisms. [22], In an experiment investigating the interaction between Miscanthus sinensis and the plant endophyte Herbaspirillum frisingense, a roughly 20% increase in fresh biomass was observed in M. sinensis following inoculation with H. [8] Endophytes and plants often engage in mutualism, with endophytes primarily aiding in the health and survival of the host plant with issues such as pathogens and disease,[9] water stress, heat stress, nutrient availability and poor soil quality, salinity, and herbivory. Mller S. Frictional keratosis, contact keratosis and smokeless tobacco keratosis: features of reactive white lesions of the oral mucosa. Search for other works by this author on: Systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of genital warts, Evidence of human papillomavirus vaccine effectiveness in reducing genital warts: an analysis of California public family planning administrative claims data, 2007-2010, Early impact of Ontario's human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program on anogenital warts (AGWs): a population-based assessment, Decline in genital warts diagnoses among young women and young men since the introduction of the bivalent HPV (16/18) vaccination programme in England: an ecological analysis, Correlation of human papillomavirus types with clinical features of patients with condyloma acuminatum in China, Coexisting high-grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and condyloma acuminatum: independent lesions due to different HPV types occurring in immunocompromised patients, Coexistence of condylomata acuminata with warty squamous cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in condylomas, intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive carcinoma of the penis using laser capture microdissection (LCM)-PCR: a study of 191 lesions in 43 patients, Correlation of histology and human papillomavirus DNA detection in condyloma acuminatum and condyloma-like vulvar lesions, Seborrheic keratoses from the genital region may contain human papillomavirus DNA, Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in seborrheic keratosis by polymerase chain reaction, Immunophenotypic and viral (human papillomavirus) correlates of vulvar seborrheic keratosis, Genital seborrheic keratoses are human papillomavirus-related lesions: a linear array genotyping test study. Head Neck. The case for antiherbivore defences", "Exploitation of endophytes for sustainable agricultural intensification", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endophyte&oldid=1141734599, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 14:41. Background: Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is highly diverse, even in its early stages. The 14 remaining tumors had more prominent cytologic atypia and remained classified as SCC. Aside from koilocytosis, cytologic atypia is absent (Figure 2, B). government site. eCollection 2019 Dec. Histopathologic features of multiple cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas of the lower extremity. These features should prompt a closer inspection for xanthomatous (foam) cells, which are confined to the dermal papillae (Figure 9, C). 2019;215(12):152670. WebThese findings suggest that some cutaneous squamous proliferations on the legs of women with multiple lesions lack prominent cytologic atypia as well as TP53 mutations and might Numerous tumors can develop in a short period of time. It proliferates while forming structures, such as densely arranged lumen with keratinized substances or foramen with continuous branching depressions from the surface to a deep part, or while showing papillary growth. The large tumor mass compresses but does not infiltrate normal structures. 2017;83(5):58593. ( A) Skin punch biopsy of the erythrodermic reaction. [62], Endophytes have been discovered with various anti-tumor properties. [42], Endophytes may have potential future applications in agriculture. The adjacent epidermis is acanthotic but not dysplastic. Watkins JC, Howitt BE, Horowitz NS, Ritterhouse LL, Dong F, MacConaill LE, et al. Differentiated exophytic vulvar intraepithelial lesions are genetically distinct from keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas and contain mutations in PIK3CA. Mod Pathol. 2017;30:44858. Endophytes include a wide variety of microorganisms including fungi, bacteria and viruses. J Oral Pathol Med. J Oral Pathol Med. 2016;20(2):2618. [59] Several isolates from the ascomycota Pestalotiopsis sp. Conspicuous parakeratosis fills many gaps between the verrucous projections, giving rise to a firm and rigid appearance. have been shown to have a broad range of antimicrobial effects,[32] even against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Demonstration of HPV 2 or other nongenital HPV types in the absence of HPV 6 or 11, either by in situ hybridization or by PCR-DNA sequencing, would support a diagnosis of VV and exclude condyloma acuminatum.6872. WebFollow-up ranged from 15 to 73 months. [57][58] Endophyte bioprospecting has already yielded compounds with antibacterial,[59][60] antifungal,[61] antiviral,[61] antiparasitic,[62] cytotoxic,[59][63] neuroprotective,[62] antioxidant,[62] insulin-mimetic,[62] -glucosidase inhibitory,[61] and immunosuppressant[62] properties. 2006;8(2):6770. Web18.2 Endophytic Fungal Diversity. Compact hyperkeratosis often fills the spaces between the verrucous projections (Figure 3, A).24,25,37 Fibrovascular cores tend to be thin and inconspicuous relative to the hypertrophic epithelium. and transmitted securely. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. J Am Dent Assoc. 2015;119(6):67583. Figure 2Giant condyloma acuminatum. These classes of non-clavicipitaceous endophytes have not been as extensively studied to date. [67], An endophytic fungus of the genus Pseudomassaria has been found in the rainforest of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 1. [18], There is evidence that plants and endophytes engage in communication with each other that can aid symbiosis. This fungus yields a metabolite that shows potential as an antidiabetic, also known as an insulin mimetic. Class 1 endophytes are mainly transmitted from host to host by vertical transmission, in which maternal plants pass fungi on to their offspring through seeds. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. [31], Among the many promising applications of endophytic microbes are those intended to increase agricultural use of endophytes to produce crops that grow faster and are more resistant and hardier than crops lacking endophytes. Speight PM, Abram TJ, Floriano PN, et al. 1985;60(3):28598. [30], One or more endophytic organisms are found in nearly every land plant. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. [26][27] Many endophytes are in the phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. Article The polyenes isolated from the fungus have properties that are sought in gasoline-surrogate biofuels. The objective of this study was to produce an expert consensus guideline for standardized assessment and reporting by pathologists diagnosing PVL related lesions. Clinically, these are solitary or coalescent skin-colored papules with a papillomatous surface. Giant condyloma acuminatum and verrucous carcinoma used to be considered synonymous, but accumulating evidence supports that these are distinct entities with different pathogenetic pathways. Seborrheic keratoses that contain human papillomavirus are condylomata acuminata, MIB-1 immunostaining is a beneficial adjunct test for accurate diagnosis of vulvar condyloma acuminatum, P16/CDKN2A and Ki-67 enhance the detection of anal intraepithelial neoplasia and condyloma and correlate with human papillomavirus detection by polymerase chain reaction, Expression of p16 protein in lesional and perilesional condyloma acuminata and bowenoid papulosis: clinical significance and diagnostic implications, Detecting HPV in cutaneous lesions using anti-HPV antibody immunohistochemistry, Giant condyloma acuminatum of the anorectum: trends in epidemiology and management: report of a case and review of the literature, Giant condyloma acuminatum (Buschke-Lowenstein tumor) of the anorectal and perianal regions: analysis of 42 cases, Giant condyloma acuminata of the inguinal region, Giant condyloma acuminatum of the scrotum, bilateral groins, and suprapubic region: a treatment and reconstruction challenge, Comprehensive analysis of human papillomavirus prevalence and the potential role of low-risk types in verrucous carcinoma, Anal verrucous carcinoma is not related to infection with human papillomaviruses and should be distinguished from giant condyloma (Buschke-Lwenstein tumour), Rapidly invasive Buschke-Lwenstein tumor associated with human papillomavirus types 6 and 52, Giant condyloma versus verrucous carcinoma: a case report, Morphologic and biologic studies on ten cases of verrucous carcinoma of the vulva supporting the theory of a discrete clinico-pathologic entity. [20] The proposed mechanisms behind this include high inorganic phosphate solubilization ability by the fungi as well as organic phosphate mineralization, increased mycorrhizal associations through root colonization, and enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus uptake. This article reviews the clinicopathologic features and etiopathogenesis of condyloma acuminatum and its mimics, with an emphasis on their morphologic similarities and unique characteristics that help in their distinction. Before Keratoacanthoma and infundibulocystic squamous cell carcinoma. 2004;40(4):4403. Copyright 2017 American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. On the other hand, bulky squamous epithelial proliferation that expands the epithelial thickness at least three-fold is concerning for developing ED. Epidermolytic acanthoma can present as solitary or multiple (disseminated) lesions on the trunk, extremities, or genitalia. Google Scholar. Condyloma acuminatum. Conspicuous fibrovascular cores and an infiltrative, rather than broad pushing, tumor base further distinguish papillary SCC from verrucous carcinoma. [11] Studies have shown endophytic fungi are able to produce secondary metabolites previously thought to be manufactured by their plant hosts. Multiple studies have shown that unlike giant condylomas, which consistently harbor HPV, anogenital verrucous carcinomas diagnosed on the basis of strict histopathologic criteria (see below) are predominantly negative for HPV.24,25,2830 These findings support distinct pathogenetic pathways in verrucous carcinoma and giant condyloma acuminatum, and that they should be considered separate entities. These interaction range from pathogenic to symbiotic and symptomatic to asymptomatic. This tumor type is rarely described in the anogenital region. The papillae have pointed tips and fibrovascular cores housing capillaries near the surface (Figure 7, B), which are prone to thrombosis and infarction. : A clinicopathologic comparison of 2,153 lesions. There is no evidence of koilocytosis (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 20 [A] and 200 [B]). Fleiss JL. Lichenoid characteristics in premalignant verrucous lesions and verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Furthermore, while the benefits of endophyte relations are well-studied, the costs of these relations are less well understood, such as the specific carbon costs, the system of endophyte governance, and the environmental conditions that facilitate a proper plant-endophyte relationship. Both condyloma acuminatum and VV are caused by low-risk HPV. ", "Sustaining the growth of Pinaceae trees under nutrient-limited edaphic conditions via plant-beneficial bacteria", "Determining the Sources of Primary and Secondary Inoculum and Seasonal Inoculum Dynamics of Fungal Pathogens Causing Fruit Rot of Deciduous Holly", "Quantification of Colletotrichum fioriniae in Orchards and Deciduous Forests Indicates It Is Primarily a Leaf Endophyte", "Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: Their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization", "University of Rhode Island GreenShare Factsheets: Endopyhte-Enhanced Grasses", "The production of myco-diesel hydrocarbons and their derivatives by the endophytic fungus Gliocladium roseum (NRRL 50072)", "Volatile organic compound production by organisms in the genus Ascocoryne and a re-evaluation of myco-diesel production by NRRL 50072", "Biosynthesis and genomic analysis of medium-chain hydrocarbon production by the endophytic fungal isolate Nigrograna mackinnonii E5202H", "Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi", "Cytotoxic and antibacterial naphthoquinones from an endophytic fungus, Cladosporium sp", "Bioprospecting for antibacterial drugs: a multidisciplinary perspective on natural product source material, bioassay selection and avoidable pitfalls", "Lead compounds from mangrove-associated microorganisms", "Solamargine production by a fungal endophyte of Solanum nigrum", "Anti-mycobacterial activity of marine fungus-derived 4-deoxybostrycin and nigrosporin", "Piriformospora indica-a mutualistic basidiomycete with an exceptionally large plant host range", "Broad-spectrum inhibition of Phytophthora infestans by fungal endophytes", "Do grasses fight back? [13][14] Some fungal and bacterial endophytes have proven to increase plant growth and improve overall plant hardiness. B, Koilocytes containing enlarged, irregular, and hyperchromatic nuclei, perinuclear halos, and coarse keratohyalin granules are found in the granular and upper spinous layers. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; however, most of the endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood. WebAtypical squamous proliferation: what lies beneath?

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