The Lobas categorize themselves into two broad religious and householders categories. Altogether, there were 18 households, they worked on a rotational basis. In a couple of hours, we crossed Ekla Bhati village with a single dwelling and a fancy Roc Cafe, which advertised espresso and apricot crumble, but was locked. Some Lamas, who moved out from the Gomba, run private boarding schools with the support of local and foreign well-wishers. This paper is the output of Ph.D. thesis of first author. In Knowledge systems and natural resources: Management, policy and institutions in Nepal, ed. Jiayingguan, commonly known as the Longwang Temple of the Yellow River, is located in Jiayingguan Township, Wuzhong County, Jiaozuo City, Henan Province, China. When Bang took The ru is understood as bone and related to the fathers line; and shya is flesh related to the mothers line. At some point, the river must have been wide and flowing; now all that remains is a splayed creek on a bed of rocks and pebbles. Data is not as precise as it appears. Socially, the Loba are divided into three groups, one of which contains those of royal heritage. millet-stirred rice dumplings and chili peppers. Pray that God will open the hearts of the governmental leaders in Nepal as well as the local leaders of Mustang to the Truth. hang knives, sickles and other ornaments made of copper and shellfish. Left Coast Press. This practice used to be called phutok. Nepal is multi ethnic, multi lingual and multi cultural country. This is a crucial aspect of niche construction based on equality, focusing on irrigation of agriculture fields and management of pasture land, mostly during scarce periods. On that day, Bang and his two sons lived in the Nayu Valley (now in the The popular way of cooking is putting the game in fire and covering by ashes to prepare for eating. There are more than 100 ethnic/indigenous groups in Nepal, which constitute about 35% of the country's total population as of 2011 (Central Bureau of Statistics [CBS] 2012). Electricity, telephone and internet facilities are extended to this remote location. The Lobas of Monthang: Loba ethnography and tourism as development. Its territory includes the source of the Kali Gandaki River. The Reme ghyapkin is a system of sharing and managing resources, costs of community work, and benefits of community utilities on a rotational basis. The single growing season a year in the region where the minimal size of farmland is available causes inadequate local food production that has challenged food and livelihood security in the region (Pandey 2017). language belongs to the Zang-Burmese language family of the Sino-Tibetan They cannot be abusive or personal. 2015. The Lo King, ghenba, Lama, and dhongba had a close relationship and interdependency in Lo-manthang until now. The Gomba used to get some grains from the tenants/cultivators as rent, in proportion to the amount of seed being sown in the field. When their descendants, the Bo and Garbo brothers, crossed the Although informal, the King still has some power, recognized by Loba communities, to modify individuals or households fine fixed by the ghenba system. The ghenba system has three key positions in Lo-manthang. Values for %Christian Adherent and %Evangelical (which determine unreached status) are often informed estimates, some more accurate than others. Oddly shaped blood vessels on this freshly harvested liver are bad omens. Shrestha, Arun B., and Raju Aryal. These local institutions are cooperating well, successfully regulating, managing, and protecting agricultural, forest, and pasture lands, and maintaining the monuments in Lo-manthang for centuries. Lhoba people are the smallest of the 56 ethnic groups in China and live in South-eastern Tibet. He Learning about different cultures around us can help us better understand the world we live in! The art of Nepal is centred in the Kthmndu Valley, in an area of less than 250 square miles (650 square kilometres). The major changes observed during this period and their implications in the life of Loba Community of Upper Mustang are briefly discussed below: The analysis of meteorological data shows the rise of temperature and decrease in rainfall in the Upper Mustang (Khattri 2021; Khattri & Pandey 2021). The Upper Mustang lies on the northern side of the Mustang district, Gandaki Province of Nepal. If you want to experience a small window to distant hunter-gatherer past of our species, Tibet offers a surprising and unique experience: The Lhoba people. Google Scholar. Social equity in farmer-managed irrigation in the Terai of Nepal. For Loba ru-shya, marriage relation is perfectly desired, similar to many Himalayan indigenous ethnic communities (Godlstein 1971; Levine 1981; Vinding 1979), including Magar, Gurung, Thakali. The Luba was an extensive trading kingdom, trading in ores like copper and iron, minerals like salt and diamonds, ivory and even metal works. University of Southern California. The result is that Gomba was compelled to modify their existing rules to make people more obliged to support Gomba, particularly the operation of agricultural activities in the land plots owned by Gomba. The kitenta brought together artists, poets, musicians and craftsmen supported by royal and court patronage. 2068. Cambridge University Press. Indigenous environmental knowledge and its transformations: Critical anthropological perspectives. The village head political system of Lower Mustang is described by Vinding (1994), in which two village heads, a treasurer, and six village workers are elected each year by the villagers, which is different from the formal politico-administrative governance unit of the state. The Drokpa are nomadic pastoralists and rely on yak, sheep, and goat herding in the highland pastures of Upper Mustang. One wondered whether Greek and Roman architecture might not have been inspired by these cliffs and columns. This was the scenic Ghorepani-Poon Hill-Tadapani route for the able-bodied and the hardy, hardly for us, already out of breath and longing for level ground. During the There is no road; the mountainside has been blasted, and it is up to vehicles to plough through and level a path in the process. Chhetri, and K.P. Terms and Conditions, Man Bahadur Khattri. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 9 (4): 219222. Primary data were compared and contrasted during the analysis. In Susan A. Crate & M. Nuttall (Eds. Unfortunately, this is a drawback in the summertime because the houses grow very hot due to the lack of ventilation. Nevertheless, the institutions are working hard to continue their existence by frequently modifying their rules and norms. nationality has successfully declared the national intangible cultural heritage The second name will be the name they received from their parents at birth. Today, most Lhoba people are Lhoba households are farmers but hunting is the central activity of Lhoba men. The introduction of tourism after the 1950s partially in the region and openning to outsiders after the 1990s also contributed to understanding the value of their cultural and natural heritages (Tulachan 2003). Indigenous institutions as adaptive measures to environmental dynamics: an ethnographic study of Loba Community of Upper Mustang, Nepal, https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-023-00084-1, International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology, https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/Home/Details?tpid=2&dcid=27a1b4d1-9a2a-4205-96be-1c540c24f193, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1409.2011.01092.x, https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.27.1.3629185, https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-020-00039-w, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.000523, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.09.008, https://soscbaha.org/ebook/conference-proceedings-2016/, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-010-0174-9, https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2014.951018, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Xudulong Festival is the most special Lhoba festival which is celebrated on the second month of Tibetan calendar. Lhoba religion practices include shamanism, spiritual healing, fortune-telling and wizardry. They produce single seasonal crops of few varieties (wheat, naked barley, mustard, potatoes . The size of the piece of lungta needs to be proportionately equal. Perhaps the river reached up to that height in the distant past? National population and housing census 2011 (village development committee/municipality). various color patterns. The Jigme Foundation also supported local people through food items, such as rice, salt, and other materials, during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown, with the support of the local representatives of the foundations, who are from the Kings close relatives. pp. - Few evangelicals, but many who identify as Christians. The Loba tribespeople living in the village of Dhe in Nepal are increasingly abandoning their homes as climate change transforms the landscape. Called sky caves, they harbour secrets from a distant past. Agrawal (2008) emphasized understanding such institutions from their roles in shaping adaptation and improving the capacities of the most vulnerable social groups in any social and environmental upheavals. Craig, Sienna R. 2011. Lo is home to three beautiful gompas with exquisite murals, Choede, Jhampa and Thubchen, all in various states of disrepair. They had practiced polyandry marriage until the recent past. According to a key informant, compared to other households, makhiu and sinkhor received good-quality land from the King for agricultural purposes. likes roast meat, dried meat, milk dregs and buckwheat cakes, especially The speaker in this instance depicts the Loba as akin to the vibrancy of indigenous American cultures, which arguably fall outside of mainstream culture. Uphoff, Norman, and Buck Louise. Pandey, Rishikesh. Lo Manthang is a walled city tucked away in the folds of high mountain ranges far and away from intrusive crowds and even Nepals administrative reach. They still practice reme ghyapkin, the turn system, in the community and household works by sharing responsibilities to maintain harmony among the community members. Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology 9: 141175. The wind whistles eerily. Aani Gomba was found in Thinger, Tsarang, and Lo-manthang in the past. Lobas have started using the threshing machine for crop harvest and tractors and trucks to deliver fuel, food, and bring local products to the market. The pressure on monks at Gomba from local people has decreased. Goldstein (1971) has documented that dhongbas are economically wealthy and are regarded as more prestigious than others in Tibetan society. In great need of spiritual renewal and commitment to biblical faith. The Ani Gompa, the Tsarang monastery, is a colourful structure painted extravagantly in ochre and red and visible from miles away. As Nina Wegner explained via email, "A new school in Lo Manthang offers the national curriculum in the Loba's native language of Lowa, while an amchi (Tibetan doctor) school instills young people with the science, art and . The Kutaks include the King and their relatives, who write their surname Bista and are considered the local ruling class and place themselves at the top of the social hierarchy. This is a dry high-altitude desert where dust storms swirl and seek out orifices in your face and crevices and creases in your body to deposit sand particles. The view of this town from the bend was impressive. Dhongba was a real-life saver of the household in the past, which, with the course of modernization, their burden has been notably reduced and responsibility has been changed as many Loba households sustain on their own. The technology used to build irrigation canals is gravity flow supported by walls of stones, wood, and soil. The annual ranking is based on anonymous employee ratings . This study has contributed significantly to the advancement of the Ostroms (1990, 1993) eight design principles and made it ten, in the case of local institutions of the Loba community of Upper Mustang. Indigenous irrigation management system is as old as the agriculture system that began in Lo-manthang. Legends claim that a fierce soldier named Ame Pal founded the Kingdom of Mustang some time between 1350 and 1380. A preliminary report on kinship terminologies of the Bodish section of Sino-Tibetan speaking peoples. The Kali Gandaki widens considerably just before Tsaile, and we crossed a tiny metal bridge at the foot of a massive canyon with a line of caves up on a 155-foot-high (47 m) cliff. Because of One tradition says that the eldest son will inherit the family's property. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Nowadays, another challenge emerged that many people are willing to pay money instead of playing the role of chhime. Sweepers and scavengers in the Third World Cities: A study on occupational health problems of sweepers and scavengers of Kathmandu, Nepal. Ostrom, Elinor. Dhongba households do have certain community obligations such as maintaining Gomba (monastery) (support rituals with food, labor, materials, and fuels), organizing community festivals like Yartung, Tenchi Chiram (Tiji) rituals, and supporting the royal palace as required. Overview: The Loba of Nepal, numbering 35,000, are Engaged yet Unreached. The legend of the ancestors of the Loba The Chosar caves in Upper Mustang in Nepal, near the Tibetan border. In Krishna B. Bhattachan, Pasang Sherpa and Pasang Dolma Sherpa (Eds.) The Lo King and his officials sponsored to arrange religious councils between 14721475, where over nine hundred monks attended the meetings (Dhungel 2002). The Loba people practice polyandry, where a woman marries multiple men. To receive the land, they fulfilled extensive obligations such as free labor of men and animals and contribution to the palace, both in cash and kind. told reporters that due to the dispersed living and inconvenient transportation There was an unmistakable feeling of being on the roof of the world. Local people remembered the past and said that a knombo, the basket was torn-off, as they worked at the royal field and palace each year. It costs $500 and is valid for 10 days stay in Upper Mustang and has to be obtained in Kathmandu or Pokhara ahead of travelling to the region. Lama/monks work to improve the spiritual life and general health of the Loba community. For a town with a population of just 800, Lo seemed to be bustling with activity. Buckwheat had just been harvested and left out in the fields to dry. As the crow flies, that would have been the shortest route, except that we were not crows and the route entailed going up and down one mountain after another until we reached Jomsom. still using the original way of slash and fire to engage in agricultural The Loba Nevertheless, the Loba community has benefited from this sort of new development in the Lo region. Crate, Susan A., and Nuttall, Mark. 2012. We visited the local gompa and the attached monasteries where young monks were being schooled in Buddhist scriptures. Every additional day of stay costs $50 a day. These sorts of issues are pertinent due to their changes in livelihood strategies. the Tibetan calendar October 1, is the most grand festival of the year in The dialects of the Loba people in different areas are Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. USA. As a result, members of the system are less burdened financially. They believe that eternity exists in the light, which is achieved after offering it to God. The most important livelihood of Lobas relied on salt (rock salt) and grain trade, which connected them to the central hills of Nepal and India. Accessed from: https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/Home/Details?tpid=2&dcid=27a1b4d1-9a2a-4205-96be-1c540c24f193. Aanis were not allowed to marry and had to shave their heads and wear red clothes. The formal Kingship ended by the Nepali state in 2008. They produce single seasonal crops of few varieties (wheat, naked barley, mustard, potatoes, buckwheat, vegetables). Kham Sang is responsible and honest with more than six years of guide experience in Tibet.She has strong interpersonal skills and can communicate effectively with tourists. Copyright 2023, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. or its affiliated companies. Aanis are active in Muktinath temple and are the main actors in controlling or maintenance of the process of worshipping. We have also used secondary data to evaluate the facts and ideas, from published scholarly journals to grey literature on the related themes. Zhuji Ancient Lane is one of the national 4A scenic spots and one of t. Daxian opera is a local traditional drama in Huaxian and Puyang counties of Henan Province, and one of the intangible cultural heritage at the national level. Education and trade also take turns seasonally. Culture is a very deep topic but the simplest way to define it is that culture is a group of people's values, norms, assumptions and behaviors. In fact, their homes are never built toward the South because of the fierceness of these winds. Whichever direction you turned, there was nothing but cobalt blue skies. A PhD Dissertation Submitted to Cornell University. In this way, the Lobas have adapted the politico-institutional changes by informally accepting the King as their supreme governance institution. However, people prefer to give birth to a single child these days, so they would not be obliged to send their loved ones to the monastery. Gesang, Deputy Minister of Propaganda He had put together a trek that would take us to Upper Mustang cresting several mountain ranges all the way from ABC to Jomsom. Attracting large number of tourists, many dance and song teams in traditional costumes perform during the festival. In R. B. Chhetri & O. Gurung (Eds. In the past, they were obliged to perform all sorts of work, cooking, cleaning, collecting dung or fuel wood, and fetching water for the monastery and the palace. "The people there still live very much as 2021. Caizhao Village now has a small village with Lhoba features, a folk customs museum. @ Hu Zuxin @ Nyingchi window Loba culture # [ Loba Pakistan weaving] Lhoba weaving and Luoba bamboo, Luoba knife dance with the Tibet Autonomous Region intangible cultural heritage proje. Evangelicals = 2% Professing Christians > 50% 4 According to the Amchi Ghyacho, there are three kinds of human life situations in which a Lama needs to perform rituals: Nakchi rituals are performed for sick people; Sinchi rituals are performed for dead persons; Karcha rituals are performed during the marriage and the birth of a child in a family. Here are five interesting facts about the Himba: 1. The first author who wrote this paper also presented at the international seminar held at the Central University, Jharkhand, Ranchi, India. In the festivals of the Loba people, Gongbu Festival, organs, enterprises and institutions in Linzhi District have NEFIN & CIPRED. It is inhabited by the Loba and the Khampa. On-the-ground reality may vary from what is presented here. Although the Loba follow the Sakyapa sect of Tibetan Buddhism; they are also influenced by the Bon religion as they practiced Bon in the past (Dhungel 2002). They also mediate and hear the local disputes relating to the civil law of the village. Anthropologists have focused their studies on cultural ecology and ethnoecology. These local institutions are altering traditional agricultural practices to respond to the impacts of changes in the physical environment.

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