That afternoon, the metropoliss ministers and leaders met to discuss the opportunity of extending the boycott into a long-time period marketing campaign. This event would go on to ignite the Montgomery bus boycott., The Montgomery Bus Boycott officially started on December 1, 1955. Parks. I need help in finding the main ideas addressed in "To Walk in Access to over 100 million course-specific study resources, 24/7 help from Expert Tutors on 140+ subjects, Full access to over 1 million Textbook Solutions. Although Parks was not the first resident of Montgomery to refuse to give up her seat to a white passenger, local civil rights leaders decided to capitalize on her arrest as a chance to challenge local segregation laws. It officially started on December 5,1955, because an African American woman named Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man. >> WebTo Walk in Dignity: The Montgomery Bus Boycott ".. .when the history books are written Montgomery bus boycott, mass protest against the bus system of Following the recommendation of t. J. Jemison, who had organized a carpool during a 1953 bus boycott in Baton Rouge, the mia developed an intricate carpool system of about three hundred vehicles. /Filter Rosa Parks inspired the beginnings of the Montgomery bus boycott when she refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white person for she was tired after a long day at work. After unsuccessful talks with city commissioners and bus enterprise officials, on 8 December the mia issued a formal listing of demands: courteous treatment by bus operators; first-come, first-served seating for all, with blacks seating from the rear and whites from the front; and black bus operators on predominately black routes. And we see this largely with Black men being the visual leadership of movements. Ula Taylor: She was an amazing activist who understood that if you put all of your hopes on a messiah, when that person is gone, then what happens to the movement? King, Martin Luther, Jr. (Montgomery Improvement Association). WebMontgomery Bus Boycott Details King reads a prepared statement to about 2,500 persons .WZkaQVOG +#L*1q@@=,yxgL7M`Xw`(}Muv9|/>G Get custom essays. I cannot close without giving just a word of caution. On 5 June 1956, the federal district courtroom dominated in Browder v. Gayle that bus segregation became unconstitutional, and in November 1956 the U.S. 2023 gradesfixer.com. Also, it was encouraged that if you owned a car, to help transport people. 1. WebThe Montgomery Bus Boycott was a very significant part of the civil rights movement, Running a months-long boycott of this kind required a great deal of money. 792 Data on the number of Facebook group members donating to, HOW TO WRITE A SUMMARY INCLUDING APA REFERENCES PARAPHRASE ALL NO QUOTES IN TEXT AND WORKS END Loading Folder Access and Help Sign In Folder Preferences Languages English Deutsch , a java program which emulates a full deck of playing cards. King was capable of calm the gang that collected at his domestic by using affirming: be calm as I and my circle of relatives are. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was appointed the spokesperson for the Bus Boycott and taught nonviolence to all participants. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Personal anecdotes of interacting with Twitter and Facebook. And the path to black equality was cleared. The Sir Bernard Law development association (MIA) coordinated the boycott, and its president, martin Luther king, Jr., became an outstanding civil rights chief as global interest focused on Bernard Law Montgomery. By 1949 Rosa Parks was an experienced anti-rape activist. Available from: https://gradesfixer.com/free-essay-examples/a-study-of-the-background-of-the-montgomery-bus-boycott-by-bernard-law-as-a-way-of-resisting-apartheid-and-racial-bias-in-the-united-states/. Everyone who needed a ride would meet in one of many spots around the city, so they could be conveyed to work. Despite taunting and other forms of harassment from the white community, the boycotters persevered until the federal courts intervened and desegregated the buses on December 21, 1956 (Kohl,, In 1954, the court in Brown v. Board of education case, ruled that segregation in education facilities to be unconstitutional and this measure strike down segregation in education facilities (Feagin, 2014). Carrs prediction was correct. The Montgomery Bus Boycott is one part of a citywide partnership to reflect on this history and its context in the civil rights movement. Cypress Hall D, 466 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305-4146 The Montgomery bus boycott was an early and important victory in the civil rights campaign. In 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested in Montgomery Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat to a white man. Specifically, according to the president of the Womens Political Council, Jo Ann Robinson, African Americans made up three-fourths of the riders (Document B). Shortly after Parkss arrest, Jo Ann Robinson, a leader of the WPC, and E.D. Get started for free! And we are not incorrect if were wrong, the splendid courtroom of this state is incorrect. MLKP, MBU, Martin Luther King, Jr., Papers, 1954-1968, Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University, Boston, Mass. Many white citizens retaliated against the African American community: Kings home was bombed, and many boycotters were threatened or fired from their jobs. Nixon, president of the local NAACP, printed and distributed leaflets describing Parkss arrest and called for a one-day boycott of the city buses on December 5. In stride in the direction of freedom, kings 1958 memoir of the boycott, he declared the real that means of the Montgomery bus boycott to be the electricity of a developing self-appreciate to animate the battle for civil rights. This triggered the eleven month Montgomery Bus Boycott to desegregate Montgomerys buses, involving approximately forty-two thousand African American citizens; this accounted for about seventy-five percent of the bus users in Montgomery. We must be able to face up honestly to our own shortcomings. /Parent Whether its waiting until marriage for sexual relations or deciding to not murder that coworker who always [], Near Los Angeles city, there is a city called The Rose City. T.J. Jemison, the person who developed the carpool system for the huge bus boycott in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, helped develop the carpool for the massive boycott in Montgomery. The Institute cannot give permission to use or reproduce any of the writings, statements, or images of Martin Luther King, Jr. By Anne Brice, Berkeley News| June 25, 2021July 13, 2021. In the light of this mandate and the unanimous vote rendered by the Montgomery Improvement Association about a month ago, the year old protest against city busses is officially called off, and the Negro citizens of Montgomery are urged to return to the busses tomorrow morning on a non-segregated basis. We will occasionally send you account related emails. WebThe boycott which started on December 5th, 1955 ended 382 days later, with a majority of the black residents within Alabama inspired and influenced, resident started walking to places instead of taking the bus, which lead to a downward spiral within the bus economy. Please c, ontact Intellectual Properties Management (IPM), the exclusive licensor of the Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. at. Students who find writing to be a difficult task. Robert Hughes and others from the Alabama council for human relations prepared meetings among the mia and town officers, but no agreements have been reached. Besides, he said, my policemen would not do a thing like that.. Heres Baker speaking at a 1974 solidarity rally in Puerto Rico: [Audio excerpt from a video of Ella Baker speaking at a 1974 solidarity rally in Puerto Rico: Brothers and sisters in the struggle for human dignity and freedom, I am here to represent the struggle that has gone on for 300 or more years.]. Yes, Martin Luther King Jr. was an amazing, charismatic leader for all of us, but it was because of the Womens Political Council that provided an anchor and grounding for him to even come into prominence. She was not the first black person to refuse to wake up for a white person, but by the time of her action, there was growing resentment and anger in the African American society for being treated as second-class citizens. Program for Carrs Indianapolis meeting from the Indiana State Library collection (ISLO 325.26 no. Committees and protest emerged during this time which soon forced the passage of the Civil Rights Act of, On December 1st, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in a Montgomery bus and got arrested. The roots of the bus boycott started out years earlier than the arrest of Rosa parks. At one time, the police detained a group of, Kohl, Herbert R. She Would Not Be Moved: How We Tell the Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Therefore, removing this large portion of the revenue would greatly hinder the public transport. R Eventually, this is going to crack when we see Black women resisting certain kinds of masculine notions of leadership and patriarchy, but it does help to understand why certain organizations were committed to patriarchal ideas about leadership. They said drivers hurled nasty, sexualized insults at them, touched them inappropriately, and physically abused them. Word went around about Montgomery mistreatment and arrest (Feagin, 2014). 1 Let's fix your grades together! African Americans did not ride buses as a protest. For more information, contact the Indiana State Library at 317-232-3678 orAsk-A-Librarian.. Much of that was thanks to the tireless work of people like Carr and others in the MIA. Rosa Parks went against the southern policy and was jailed for doing so. /Creator Blacks would have to sit at the back of the bus. We have never allowed ourselves to get bogged in the negative; we have always sought to accentuate the positive. Representatives of the MIA made their way to other cities, particularly those in the north, to explain the situation in Montgomery and appeal for both public support and funds. 10 (December 1956): 5: The great Theodore Parker, abolitionist preacher in the days before the Civil War, answered this doubt and fear when he challenged an impatient world, The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice.. Narration: The 1965 Moynihan Report, officially called The Negro Family: The Case for National Action, was a controversial report written by Assistant Secretary of Labor Daniel Patrick Moynihan and his staff as a way to persuade White House officials that civil rights legislation alone would not produce racial equality. Born Johnnie Rebecca Daniels, Carr was a childhood friend of Rosa Parks. 15-276. 0 Carr was a particularly appropriate person to represent the boycott. The Institute cannot give permission to use or reproduce any of the writings, statements, or images of Martin Luther King, Jr. All rights reserved. ] [Music: Palms Down by Blue Dot Sessions]. 0 WebMontgomery citizens from social and economic growth. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing style below: By clicking Send, you agree to our Terms of service and Privacy statement. On November 3rd, 1956 the Supreme Court ruled that the segregation laws in Montgomery were illegal. Montgomery bus boycott, mass protest against the bus system of Montgomery, Alabama, by civil rights activists and their supporters that led to a 1956 U.S. Supreme Court decision declaring that Montgomerys segregation laws on buses were unconstitutional. Corrections? WebThe excerpts from Abernathys thesis make it clear that after the arrest of Parks, prominent black community organizers did not see a wide-scale, long-term boycott of the Montgomery bus system as inevitable or sustainable. You can find all of our podcast episodes onBerkeley Newsat news.berkeley.edu/podcasts. The deliberate protest received surprising publicity in the weekend newspapers and in radio and TV reports1. Im Anne Brice. It worked well for the people needing transportation. People were so outraged that they started a bus boycott four days later. /Length The Supreme Court upheld that ruling in mid-November. By continuing well assume you board with our cookie policy. 10 2019 Jan 03 [cited 2023 May 1]. The emergence of Martin Luther King Jr. was along with the famous Montgomery Bus Boycott, as the ring leader. Our professional writers can rewrite it and get you a unique paper. Marisa Chappell, Jenny Hutchinson, and Brian Ward, Dress Modestly, Neatly . The bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, which started in December 1955 and lasted more than a year, was a protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system. King absorbed thoughts from those proponents of nonviolent direct movement and crafted his very own syntheses of gandhian principles of nonviolence. This is Fiat Vox, a Berkeley News podcast. During the protest, the Montgomery authorities made many arrests (Feagin, 2014). The success in Montgomery inspired other African American communities in the South to protest racial discrimination and galvanized the direct nonviolent resistance phase of the civil rights movement. Home Essay Samples Social Issues Montgomery Bus Boycott A Study of the Background of the Montgomery Bus Boycott by Bernard Law as a Way of Resisting Apartheid and Racial Bias in the United States. /JavaScript And how, in many ways, its in conversation with the Moynihan Report. Nam lacinia pulvinar tortor nec facilisis. Often our movement has been referred to as a boycott movement. The event managed to raise over $1,300 for the boycott cause (approximately $14,000 adjusted for inflation). Indeed, the bus boycott was, in many ways, the precursor to the #SayHerName twitter campaigns designed to remind us that the lives of black women matter. Parks become best for the position assigned to her through history, and because her individual was impeccable and her determination deep-rooted she become one of the most reputable people in the Negro network (king, forty four). WebThe boycott was a success. Your time is important. 0 Step-by-step explanation After Hardman told her parents about the attack, they decided to press charges, and when an all-white jury returned a not-guilty verdict after five minutes of deliberation, the family reached out to community activists for help. King stated of the bus boycott: we got here to see that, in the end, its miles more honorable to walk in dignity than ride in humiliation. It was started by the Montgomery Improvement Association, who created themselves for this purpose only. Fusce dui lectus, congue vel laoreet ac, dictum vitae odio. In 1956, a national court stated that the Montgomery segregation rules were unlawful, but lawyers for Montgomery County appealed. Professional Writers that Guarantee an On-time Delivery. The Montgomery Bus Boycott did exactly that. When Parks refused to move to give her seat to a white rider, she was taken to jail; she was later bailed out by a local civil rights leader. I kept her at my house, carefully wrote down what she said and later had it notarized. The next day, Seay escorted Perkins to the police station. WebClayborne Carson, The Walk in Dignity: The Montgomery Bus Boycott. OAH Magazine of History 19 (2005): 13-15. The very best courtroom upheld the decrease court dockets ruling, and on 20 December 1956 king called for the end of the boycott; the network agreed. 0 x :HQ1PLae#ifcb**E}w6=70.9 !#aDbT:2 (.Oa]pmr-0:u/Ntui*Y kCQ dO8zvFdf4z 4A[Q-WhYnI"'XHU+:iUj~t]oGcI% tqO#]aV6xp"Iw>/tDcOG =T~|sJbjYAo)nu?qet7[VCU%*=nx%L`=F"BzU#$uH1JKwGKC~-t`[.. 0 Superb court docket affirmed Browder v. Gayle and struck down legal guidelines requiring segregated seating on public buses. Our aim has never been to put the bus company out of business, but rather to put justice in business. We started out to get modified segregation (on buses) but we got total integration.3 At six A.M. the following morning King joined E. D. Nixon, Ralph Abernathy, and Glenn Smiley on one of the first integrated buses. By clicking Continue, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy. Montgomery Bus Boycott. The Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) coordinated the boycott, and its president, Martin Luther King, Jr., became a prominent civil rights leader as international attention focused on Montgomery. The bus boycott demonstrated the potential for nonviolent mass protest to successfully challenge racial segregation Frequent rallies were held in local churches to help bolster the publics resolve. We all know the popular story of what happened on that cold December day in 1955. The boycott garnered a great deal of publicity in the national press, and King became well known throughout the country. 100% Customized to Your Need with Expert Writers Rosa Parks was already an established secretary at Montgomery's NAACP branch, and, her resolve was strengthened by her husband, Raymond, who was involved in the "Scottsboro, Boys" case. /Catalog Although Dr Martin Luther Emotions must not run wild. On 2 December, black ministers and leaders met at Dexter Avenue Baptist church and agreed to publicize the 5 December boycott. Other followers of gandhian thoughts which includes Richard Gregg, William Stuart nelson, and homer jack wrote the mia presenting help. Ula Taylor is a professor in the Department of African American Studies. It lasted for more than a year. Remember: This is just a sample from a fellow student. It was not, however, the day that the movement to desegregate the buses started. Her speech was one of absolute resolve, an assurance that the boycott would continue and that the rights and dignity of Montgomerys citizens would prevail. In 1953 alone, African Americans filed over thirty formal complaints of abuse and mistreatment on the buses. Blacks had many dislikes about how they were treated on the buses. As If You Were Going to Church: Respectability, Class, and Gender in the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Early Civil Rights Movement. This seemingly innocuous act of civil disobedience led to a year-long boycott of Montgomerys bus system by the citys Black population and ended up being one the early battles in this countrys civil rights movement, a campaign which sought to promote and ensure racial equality after centuries of abuse. The boycott lasted 381 days. The womens political council (WPC), a collection of black experts based in 1946, had already became their attention to Jim Crow practices on the Montgomery town buses. 612 King later remembered that he had carefully prepared [the statement] in the afternoon before the meeting. ( G o o g l e) Lasting from December 1, 1955 to December 20, 1956, it was a time of protesting against the public buses to end racial segregation. Ula Taylor: People know about Rosa Parks. What happened to Gertrude Perkins was no isolated incident. Although most of the exposure approximately the protest turned into targeted at the actions of black ministers, ladies played essential roles within the achievement of the boycott. We came to see that, in the long run, it is more honorable to walk in dignity than ride in humiliation. That was the day when the blacks of Montgomery, Alabama, decided that they would boycott the city buses until they could sit anywhere they wanted, instead of being relegated to the back when a white boarded. The Boycott lasted for a total of 382 years, was brought together and maintained its strength through Martin Luther King Jr. and it lead to the birth of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Okay, heres the episode. 3 7 This blog post was written by Jocelyn Lewis, Catalog Division supervisor, Indiana State Library. Many of them worked at the historically Black colleges. >> Sparked through the arrest of Rosa parks on 1 December 1955, the Bernard Law Montgomery bus boycott became a thirteen-month mass protest that ended with the U.S. /St << In a meeting with mayor w. A. Gayle in march 1954, the councils participants outlined the changes they sought for Montgomerys bus machine: no person status over empty seats; a decree that black individuals no longer be made to pay at the front of the bus and input from the rear; and a coverage that might require buses to forestall at every corner in black residential areas, as they did in white groups. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a civil rights protest during which African King said of the bus boycott: We came to see that, in the long run, it is more honorable to walk in dignity than ride in humiliation. So we decided to substitute tired feet for tired souls, and walk the streets of Montgomery (Papers 3:486). obj Not only did the MIA need hundreds of vehicles for their carpools, but those vehicles also required gas and frequent maintenance. WebTo Walk in Dignity: The Montgomery Bus Boycott Summary M. L. King correctly understood the significance of the Montgomery protests that stood for far more broad-reaching aims and ideals. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This phrase, which became commonplace in Kings oratory, may have come to his attention through John Haynes Holmes, Salute to Montgomery, Liberation 1, no. [Audio excerpt of Ella Bakers 1974 speech continued: I had to learn that hitting back with my fist one individual was not enough. And, we found out earlier this month that this episode received a gold award from the Council for Advancement and Support of Education, or CASE, as part of the 2021 CASE Circle of Excellence Awards. So, she really hammered home the importance of group-centered leadership that you have to see the leader in yourself in your group, as opposed to relying on anybody outside of yourself. Her defiance offered the start of a momentum to the civil rights movement that spread across the United States. In early 1956 veteran pacifists Bayard Rustin and Glenn e. Smiley visited Bernard Law Montgomery and offered king recommendation at the application of gandhian strategies and nonviolence to American race family members. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Nam risus ante, dapibus, View answer & additonal benefits from the subscription, Explore recently answered questions from the same subject, Explore documents and answered questions from similar courses, Explore recently asked questions from the same subject. 0 WebFind and create gamified quizzes, lessons, presentations, and flashcards for students, employees, and everyone else. R Her spontaneous action and subsequent arrest sparked a yearlong boycott of the citys buses that brought down Jim Crow in the cradle of the Confederacy. There are many causes of urbanization;reasons that make [], Rosa Parks: My Story is an autobiography written by Rosa Parks herself alongside Jim Haskins, an African American author. R 0 When the meeting didnt produce any meaningful change, WPC president Jo Ann Robinson reiterated the councils requests in a 21 might also letter to mayor Gayle, telling him, there has been communicate from twenty-five or more nearby agencies of planning a metropolis-extensive boycott of busses(a letter from the girls political council)7. If were incorrect, god almighty is wrong (papers three: 73). Customer Reviews. In one of her classes, she teaches students about the 1955 citywide bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. It may not happen overnight, but they have to understand that they have a skillset, they have access to resources that they may not even imagine. They enlisted the help of a relatively unknown preacher, Martin Luther King Jr., to organize and lead a massive resistance movement that would challenge Montgomerys racist laws (Kohl, 2005). Summary: The article To Walk in Dignity: The Montgomery Bus Boycott A group of local ministers formed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) to support and sustain the boycott and the legal challenge to the segregation laws. Martin Luther King Jr. emerged as the public-facing leader of the boycott. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. So, even though those women were not in the limelight, they were engaging in a form of leadership. Hire our essay writer and you'll get your work done by the deadline. Print., To be more specific the Montgomery Bus Boycott. 3. The campaign on behalf of Perkins, for example, was modeled on a protest Parks helped launch several years earlier for Recy Taylor, a young black mother kidnapped and brutally raped in 1944 in the town of Abbeville, Alabama, by a group of white men who threatened to kill her if she told anyone. They carried blackjacks and guns, and they assaulted and sometimes even killed African Americans who refused to abide by the racial order of Jim Crow. And so, all of these things shape how there is a certain kind of masculine and feminine leadership. >> 6 These experiences propelled African American women into every conceivable aspect of the boycott. endobj On fifth December, 90 percent of 1st viscount Montgomery of Alameins black citizens stayed off the buses. /DeviceRGB In particular it demolishes the popular myth narrative of the events, and points out the importance of women's resistance to sexual violence to the boycott. This morning the long awaited mandate from the United States Supreme Court concerning bus segregation came to Montgomery. We have struggle against tremendous odds to maintain alternative transportation. Please email the Indiana State Library with any questions, comments, suggestions or corrections. Narration: In Robinsons 1987 memoir,The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women who Started It, Robinson writes about how it was actually a group of women the Womens Political Council, of which she was president that made possible the 382-day bus boycott that changed the course of the civil rights movement in the United States. ] You can get your custom paper by one of our expert writers. And check out our other podcast,Berkeley Talks,that features lectures and conversations at UC Berkeley. changed, and they printed countless fliers to call upon the black residents to boycott the busses. << Martin Luther King, the charismatic young pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, was elected president of the MIA. In 1997, an interviewer asked Joe Azbell, former city editor of the Montgomery Advertiser, who was the most important person in the bus boycott. The word boycott is suggestive of merely an economic squeeze devoid of any positive value. During the boycott, volunteer drivers gave rides to would-be bus passengers. The deliberate protest received surprising publicity in the weekend newspapers and in radio and TV reports1. If you fit this description, you can use our free essay samples to generate ideas, get inspired and figure out a title or outline for your paper. WebTo Walk in Dignity: The Montgomery Bus Boycott" main ideas. They also asked that African American bus drivers be hired for routes primarily made up of African American riders. Im Anne Brice. So we determined to substitute tired toes for tired souls, and stroll the streets of Montgomery (papers three: 486)4. See also Excerpt, Statement on End of Bus Boycott, 20 December 1956. The busses became desegregated in Montgomery yet there was no further success towards desegregation over America., After the arrest of Rosa Parks, black people of Montgomery and sympathizers of other races organized and promoted a boycott of the city bus line that lasted 381 days. Town officials obtained injunctions towards the boycott in February 1956, and indicted over 80 boycott leaders under a 1921 regulation prohibiting conspiracies that interfered with lawful commercial enterprise. 5). View UCBerkeleyOfficials profile on Instagram, View UCZAXKyvvIV4uU4YvP5dmrmAs profile on YouTube, A $25-an-hour minimum wage for medical workers could benefit everyone, Julie Chavez Rodriguez, visionary Berkeley grad, to run Biden campaign, Community engagement improves wildlife restoration outcomes, UC Berkeley computer scientist wins 2023 Guggenheim Fellowship, Berkeley political scientist Scott Straus named to prestigious fellowship, UC Berkeley breaks ground on new Engineering Center, Berkeley graduate programs succeed once again in new U.S. News rankings, [Audio excerpt from the film King: A Filmed Record, aired on Democracy Now! It took over a year but the U.S. Supreme Court finally decided to make the segregation of city buses unconstitutional. WebThesis Statement In addition to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Rosa Parks contributed to And of course, by walking hundreds of miles to protest their humiliation, African American women reclaimed their bodies and demanded the right to be treated with dignity and respect. [Music: Copley Beat by Blue Dot Sessions], During the boycott, many buses on the road had few passengers. 450+ experts on 30 subjects ready to help you just now, To a large extent, the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1966-1956 can be considered the most important turning point for the development of African-American civil rights in the period 1865 to 1992. Some lost their jobs for participating in the boycott and needed financial assistance to survive. In spite of this resistance, the boycott continued. In order to regard a period as a [], A U.S. Supreme Court case in 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson is considered a landmark decision that upheld the legitimacy of racial segregation laws in public facilities in the U.S. emphasizing support on a legal constitutional [], Boycotting is to refuse to buy a product or participate in a pastime as a manner of expressing robust disapproval.

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