A technique for the sorted extraction and comprehensive wasteless utilization of the main functional components of jujube has been developed on the basis of systematic nutrient composition analysis54,138,139. p Jujube | Description, Tree, Fruit, & Species Shi, Y. et al. This practice could lead to soil water depletion. Wu, Y., Zhang, J. ), also called Chinese date or Chinese jujube, is one of the oldest cultivated fruit trees in the world and is the most important species in the large cosmopolitan family Rhamnaceae in terms of its economic, ecological, and social importance. conceived of the paper and wrote the first draft. At 7240 years ago, the domestication of jujube trees started1. Genome sequencing-based multiomics analysis combining transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and phenotypic data has taken horticultural research to a new level. I planted a Contorted Jujube tree in the upper tier of a dry stacked natural stone raised bed about 2 weeks ago. This period has lasted for over 70 years. Acta Hortic.840, 259262 (2008). (3) Internet Information System for Jujube Germplasms (http://www.ziziphus.net/zzzy), which provided information observed from local areas about 700 germplasm accessions recorded in China Fruit Tree RecordsJujube. Agrofor Syst 74:163172, Lin QY, Xing LF, Li PY, Ding XT, Duan ZA (2000) Recounting and reviewing on the scientific research literature for intercropping system of jujube and crops in China. Jujube Tree Care - How To Grow A Jujube Tree On the other hand, the lignification of bearing shoots changes the deciduous habit of bearing shoots and increases the pruning labor costs. Agric. Acta Hortic.993, 219224 (2013). It has been spread all over China, with a cultivation area of ~2 million hectares and an annual production of over 8 million tons. Study on systematic relationships of Ziziphus jujuba and Ziziphus spinosa using RAPD technique. Agriculture | Free Full-Text | Adapting Root Distribution and Improving Rep.7, 1025 (2017). The tree can be propagated by seed or root sprout. Bot.165, 92107 (2019). by high-performance liquid chromatography. Meanwhile, the expansion of the MDHAR gene family contributes to AsA regeneration. cv. Consequently, the pure polyploid creation and evaluation period can be shortened by 35 years. cv. J. Hortic. Agric. Jujube is difficult to keep fresh. Univ.21, 8691 (1999). Acta Hortic. Guo, Y. The high level of sugar accumulation in jujube fruit is due to the expansion and high-level expression of genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport. Evol.303, 413417 (2017). Hortic.01, 7478 (2019). Chen et al. C.J. It would take some serious pruning to keep the tree at a small size and to keep the root system managed. Genome size variation within species of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) (3) Novel cultivation technology: developing high-density, high-efficiency, high-quality, labor-saving, and environmentally friendly large-scale, enterprise-oriented operations with the aid of mechanized, automated, and smart new technologies. and ZjCNGC2 mediated signalling cascades in response to cold stress. A new excellent tetraploid table cultivar of sour jujubeZhuguang. Method 2: A self-fruitless or self-sterile variety is chosen as the female parent, and a variety with high pollen viability and compatibility is chosen as the male parent. The major advances in this period included grafting techniques (1000 YA), intercropping (600 YA), fresh fruit storage in ice rooms (200 YA), shifting the girdling time from winter to the flowering season, and processing candied jujubes, jujube wine, and jujube vinegar. Zhang, C., Liu, M., Kong, D., Wu, G. & Li, D. Diversification of resistance to fruit shrink disease in Chinese jujube germplasm. J. Sugar transport played a more important role than sugar biosynthesis in fruit sugar accumulation during Chinese jujube domestication. J. Anhui Agric. To make glazed jujubes, halve and seed the ripe (but not dry) fruit and place in equal parts water and brown sugar (just enough to cover the fruit). Internet Explorer). Therefore, jujube has broad prospects as a material for the development of healthy foods with high nutrition value. Plant Syst. The fruits of the tetraploids were 3050% larger in size, 47 days earlier to mature and better tasting than diploid fruits. Liu, M., Wang, J., Wang, L. et al. For Sci 48:7784, Jose S, Gillespie AR, Seifert JR, Mengel DB, Pope PE (2000) Defining competition vectors in a temperate alley cropping system in the mid-western USA. The contents of sugar, vitamin C, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are around 2, 100, and 1000 times those of apple, respectively. However, the earliest records and evidence from Iran and Japan could only be traced back to 2000 YA, when SinoJapan exchanges became popular and Zhang Qian was sent on a diplomatic mission to west Asia and European countries during the Han Dynasty. The seedling rate of young embryos <30 days after flowering (before the abortion peak) was increased from 3.7 to 40%89. Jujube fruit can become a part of international markets and a future popular superfruit. Acta Hortic. The historical and current research progress on jujube-a superfruit for Construction of a dense genetic linkage map and QTL analysis of trunk diameter in Chinese jujube. As a result, polyploidy induction has become an ideal breeding approach for obtaining new cultivars with high-quality, large fruits. However, high-efficiency, low-cost practical management systems for fruit cracking and fruit shrinking disease have not been developed; these conditions have a great influence on jujube yield and quality. Pruning is necessary if you want to keep your Jujube tree down to a manageable height. N. W. SCI-TECH Uni. Commun.5, 5315 (2014). Xue, M., Wang, Li., Zhang, J. Fruit. Shen, C., Jia, S., Zheng, X., Tang, Z. Scientific Debates Cluj-Horticulture XX, UAMV Cluj-Napoca, 236238 (1997). By the Han Dynasty (~2000 YA), jujube cultivation had spread throughout North and South China into large commercial cultivation regions and had become the main source of national taxes, with special officials regulating jujube production. Roots were sampled by auger in 2-, 4- and 6-year-old jujube tree/wheat intercropping and in sole wheat and 2-, 4- and 6-year-old sole jujube down to 100cm depth in the soil profile. Luo, Z. et al. Genome-wide characterization of simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci in Chinese jujube and jujube SSR primer transferability. Acta Hortic. & Liu, M. HPLC determination of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid in Chinese jujube. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Agric. It can blossom and even bear fruit in the same year as planting or grafting and can achieve high yields 35 years after the establishment of an orchard under a high-density planting system. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology (2022), Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants (2022), Horticulture Research (Hortic Res) 2). Wang, Y. Consumers like fruits that are delicious and nutritious and that appeal to appearance and status. PubMed Int. Jujubes do best in warm, dry climates, but can tolerate winter lows down to -20 degrees F. (-29 C.). More than 90% of jujube production is concentrated in six provinces, namely, Xinjiang, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan. To meet the needs of large-scale development, grafting propagation with sour jujube as the rootstock has been widely used since the late 1980s. Planting: Dig a hole big enough to accommodate the root system. Xiao, J. et al. Liu, M. et al. J. Beijing. Moreover, fundamental, applied, developmental, and broad-scale visual research should be highly integrated. Liu, Z. et al. The Resistance of Jujube Trees to Jujube Witches' Broom - Springer & Liu, M. A high-efficiency regeneration system for immature embryo of Ziziphus jujuba Dongzao at very early stage. Huang, J. et al. and wild jujube. Fourth, jujube can satisfactorily meet the concerns and needs of the government and the public. How to Grow and Care for Jujubes Liu, D., Ye, X. Zhang, C., Huang, J., Yin, X., Lian, C. & Li, X. Analysis of Bioactive Components and Extraction Technique of Wax in Jujube. This species, 7.6 to 9 metres (25 to 30 feet) high, has alternate, three-veined, elliptical to ovate leaves 2.5 to 7.6 cm (1 to 3 inches) long. This paper will systematically summarize its special characteristics and comparative advantages, historical and recent research advances, and future research prospects to guide researchers and professionals working on jujubes. Yan, X., Wang, W., Liu, M., & Zhao, Z. Li, R., Li, X., Huang, J. The book Qi Min Yao Shu of the Northern Wei Dynasty that was written 1500 years ago recorded the techniques of cultivar selection, planting, flower thinning, girdling, and jujube paste processing. J. Polym. Stnic, F. Twenty years of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) & Liu, M. Expression stabilities of candidate reference genes for RT-qPCR in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Liu, Q. Jinsi 4 on its fruit cracking and nutritional quality in the South. Chin. Dried jujube (the main form) can be stored for more than 1 year at room temperature with proper insect control and for 23 years at 4C. Chen, Y. The development of the jujube industry and jujube research promoted each other during this period, and support from science and technology to the jujube industry has continuously increased. ), (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Romania. The joint map across the 12 linkage groups (the same as the basic chromosome number in jujube) spanned 1020.22cM, with a mean marker distance of 0.32cM. Here, we took China as an example to briefly introduce the historical evolution and major achievements in jujube production and scientific research over the past 3000 years. Plant Cell Tiss. The nutrient components in different organs, different fruit developmental stages, and different varieties were systematically analyzed53,54,144,145,146,147. As one of the longest-cultivated fruit trees in the world, jujube has abundant germplasm resources after undergoing long periods of natural evolution and artificial selection. Since it was introduced into neighboring countries such as Korea and Japan 2000 years ago, jujube has spread to at least 48 countries, commercial jujube cultivation has developed at different levels in China, South Korea, Iran, Israel, the United States, Italy, Australia, and other countires2,3,6,7,8. Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Sci. Agric. Anal.73, 1016 (2018). J. Jiangxiensis35, 935939 (2013). Anal.39, 230234 (2019). 387 (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016). . jujube, either of two species of small spiny trees of the genus Ziziphus (family Rhamnaceae) and their fruit. Liu, P., Peng, J., Peng, S., Zhou, J. Change of several nutrients in Jun jujube during drying process. var. Zhang, Z., Kang, C., Zhang, S. & Li, X. Transcript analyses reveal a comprehensive role for abscisic acid in modulating fruit ripening in Chinese jujube. Water thoroughly and keep the pot in partial shade for the first few weeks to minimize transplant shock, then move to a location with full sun. Given the demands of the new era, the development tendencies of the modern fruit industry and the new technologies available, jujube research in China is facing a series of important challenges. in Hetian, south Xinjiang province, northwest China. Hudinai, M., Liu, M., Veberic, R., Stamper, F. & Colaria, M. Phenolic compounds in the fruit of different varieties of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). J. Hortic. Technol.37, 916 (2017). Hebei12, 1013 (1989). Google Scholar. Food Compos. Genes8, 340 (2017). Shu, J. & Jiang, Y. Chinese Dates: A Traditional Functional Food (CRC press, 2016). Among them, the tetraploids Chenguang, Hongguang, Riguang, and Zhuguang, bred by Hebei Agricultural University, have been awarded new plant variety rights by the National Forestry and Grassland Bureau of China. After the beginning of the 21st century, much more attention was paid to intensive processing that highlights the characteristic nutrients of jujube. When made into glac fruits by boiling in honey and sugar syrup, they resemble Persian dates and are sometimes known as Chinese dates. These findings may partly explain the interspecific competition effects in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry systems. Sci. J. However, propagation via tissue culture has not been used on a large scale in jujube in China because of the high technical requirements, high cost, and late fruiting of micropropagated plants. Google Scholar, Bhm W (1979) Methods of studying root systems. Genom.11, 809 (2015). The 2019 Forum of China Jujube Industry, Linxian County, Shanxi Province (2019). J.W. In recent years, equipment for jujube fruit sorting or integrated cleaning and sorting has been developed and widely applied in the jujube industry in China133,134,135. Sci.32, 12531257 (2015). Dongzao. They are Section Ziziphus Cheng et Liu and Section Perdurans Cheng et Liu. Comprehensive studies have shown that the most advantageous nutritional features of jujube fruit include its contents of soluble sugars (23 times the levels in other fruits), vitamin C (100 times the level in other fruits), cAMP (1000 times the level in other fruits), vitamin B, triterpenoid acid, proline, polysaccharide, flavonoids, iron, potassium, calcium, and zinc. Sin.26, 302308 (1999). Like many other deciduous fruit trees, jujubes are often propagated by grafting two genotypes or cultivars together. Based on a systematic study of the historical taxonomic literature, Liu et al. Hortic. Genome-wide screening of SSR markers and reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis. In vitro tetraploid induction of Ziziphus jujuba Dongzao and Z. acidojujuba (Z. spinosa Hu) with colchicine. A field study was conducted at Hetian oasis, southern Xinjiang, northwestern China, to investigate root distribution and morphology affected by interspecific interactions between jujube trees (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Dongzao). 2009BADA4B03), by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture (Project No. PubMed Central 201003043-01)and by NSFC (Project No. The jujube genome provides insights into genome evolution and the domestication of sweetness/acidity taste in fruit trees. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Miao, L. The Analysis of Tripenoids of the Fruit of Chinese Jujube. The end result is an incredibly fibrous and dense root system able to take up far more nutrients per volume than a similar tree in the ground would. Its utilization and cultivation history can be traced back to the Neolithic age, 7000 years ago1,2,3,4,5. Method 3: is a universal technology free of emasculation, i.e., covering the parents with nets to keep away unexpected pollen donors, pollinating by bees inside the nets, and identifying the hybrids with molecular markers84. Planta248, 11871199 (2018). Period. Food Res. In particular, the use of sour jujube seeds, rather than pits, to obtain rootstocks has become the mainstream method; using this method, the seedlings grow faster and more uniformly than in rootstocks obtained from pits2. Given the limitations of traditional selection breeding for obtaining breakthrough cultivars and the extreme difficulty of cross-breeding in jujube, polyploid breeding seems to be a promising prospect. Jujube (cv. J Shandong Agric Univ 31:9194, Liu JQ, Halik W, Wang GS, Kasim Y (2012) Study on temporal and spatial distribution rules of characteristic fruit industry resources in Xinjiang. Deciduous fruit. (4) The low-level processing techniques that imitate those used for other fruits and focus on solving the overproduction problem do not meet the requirements of postharvest value addition and demands for diversified, advanced, and internationalized new products. China Fruits2, 6470 (2015). Currently, under the optimal storage conditions, half-red fresh jujube can be preserved for 23 months or even more than 4 months. They are not particular about soil pH, but do need to be planted in full sun. Zhang, X. Metabolomic Approaches Reveal the Physiological Mechanism of China Cointree as Jujubes Stock in Resistance to Jujube Witches Broom. Method 1: Hybrids are produced by using a male-sterile variety as the female parent and a variety with high pollen viability and compatibility as the male parent20,84. Jujube has also been successfully grafted onto Indian jujube (Z. mauritiana Lam.) Eng.15, 237240 (1999). Agrofor Syst 40:215225, Chirko CP, Gold MA, Nguyen PV, Jiang JP (1996) Influence of direction and distance from trees on wheat yield and photosynthetic photon flux density (Q The tissue culture of jujube began in 1978. Fresh keeping and changes in some physiological indexes of Chinese Dongzao jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) These dominant cultivars have replaced the traditional cultivars, which has greatly improved the cultivar structure in China. Stnic, F. Rezultate preliminare privind micronmulirea in vitro a curmalului chinezesc (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Three main genes in the MAPK cascade involved in the Chinese jujube phytoplasma interaction. Studies have also proven that sugar transport plays a significant role in sugar accumulation15,28 and jujube fruits have characteristics of nonclimacteric fruits15,29. Yan, F. Large-scale Creation and Hereditary Variation of Hybrids in Chinese Jujube (Ziziphus Jujuba Mill.). Softwood grafting in early spring also gave success of 90%. Wang, L., Wang, H. & Wang, C. Effect of O2 and CO2 concentration on respiration, relative electrical conductivity, contents of chlorophyll and skin color of Dongzao jujube fruit. Google Scholar. To estimate these risks . Shi, Q. et al. Sin.31, 647650 (2004). Solar greenhouse cultivation techniques for table cultivars of Chinese jujube in Taihang mountain area. Wang, J. et al. In vitro plantlets were obtained from the stem segments of root suckers in 198398. Competitive interaction in jujube tree/cotton agroforestry system in Bi, J., Yu, J., Bai, S., Wang, P. & Ding, Y. in Bucureti area. Agrofor Syst 80:117129, Droppelmann KJ, Ephrath JE, Berliner PR (2000) Tree/crop complementarity in an arid zone runoff agroforestry system in northern Kenya. & Wang, Y. Chinese Fruit Trees Record-Chinese Jujube (China Forestry Publishing House, 1993). Sci.29, 366373 (2012). PLoS ONE9, e109850 (2014). Research results should be more original and advanced. Yao, S. Past, present, and future of jujubesChinese dates in the United States. Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding (2011). A further cluster analysis of isoenzymes, palynology, and DNA showed that some jujube cultivars and sour jujube genotypes were usually clustered together instead of being totally separated58,59,60, indicating that there are probably several evolutionary pathways from sour jujube to jujube. BMC Genomics18, 855 (2017). volume7, Articlenumber:119 (2020) In this agroforestry system, the jujube trees are grown simultaneously with cotton for 180-200 days. Liu, M. Advances in taxonomy study on the genus Ziziphus. Hortic.249, 263270 (2019). Marketers prefer fruits that can be easily transported from production areas and have long shelf lives and large markets. Li, D., Niu, X. Li, M. et al. The Indian, or cottony, jujube (Z. mauritiana) differs from the common jujube in having leaves that are woolly beneath instead of smooth. After entering the 21st century, great progress has been made in polyploidy and cross-breeding in jujube. The root system is the main organ of water uptake for the plant. Acta Hortic. Twenty-four million years ago, jujube trees appeared in Northern China10. Review of researches on Chinese date high yield cultural theory and techniques. J. Research status of jujube processing technology at home and abroad. Benefiting from late bud sprouting (~20 days later than peach), late flowering (June in North China) and a 2-month flowering period, jujube avoids late frosts and biennial bearing. cv. Xie, W., Ding, C. & Song, Y. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in It was revealed that jujube has very strong resistance to abiotic stress, including drought, barren soils, and saline and alkali conditions. The second is Germplasm Resources of Chinese Jujube10, which recorded 1033 accessions of jujube (Z. jujuba Mill. Effects of drying methods on changes of Vc, reducing sugar and total acidity in Chinese jujube. Sin.31, 7880 (2004). ), and f. apyrena Cheng et Liu (Z. jujuba Mill. Asian J. Chem.24, 792796 (2012). Root distribution chronosequence of a dense dwarfed jujube plantation J. & Dai, Li. Comparative analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of four known Ziziphus species. Until now, a total of 25 triploid, tetraploid, and octoploid strains have been created, among which three excellent tetraploid strains have been released as new cultivars by the Hebei Forestry Cultivar Examination and Approval Committee75,76,77. & Liu, M. Genetic diversity and structure of 255 cultivars of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. (Preliminary results regarding the in vitro propagation of Chinese date (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). It has unique branch and bud characteristics, i.e., usually only the primary shoots can extend, the dormant buds have a very long life, the secondary shoots die back naturally each, the mother-bearing shoots can only extend by ~1mm per year, and the bearing shoots fall off in the fall. Genome-wide identification and analysis of MAPK and MAPKK gene family in Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). Fruit. & Cheng, H. Cultivation technique for direct seeding and orchard constructing of arid area jujube. Qu, Z. et al. (2) High-efficiency breeding technology systems for optimizing and upgrading the cultivar and rootstock structure: integrating the precise identification and utilization of excellent germplasm and the comprehensive application of innovative breeding approaches with rapid evaluation and screening methods; establishing high-efficiency propagation systems for transplant shock-free large nursery plants by integrating the use of containerized seedling production, industrial tissue culture rapid propagation, and micrografting153; registering, protecting and promoting newly released varieties worldwide; and including the top varieties in Club propagation, production, and commercialization systems, following experience in apple, kiwi fruit, etc.

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