[127][128] According to local media, up to 500 civilians may have been killed in a massacre in the town of Mai Kadra on 9 November 2020. 1962 - Haile Selassie annexes Eritrea, which becomes an Ethiopian province. Under the early Solomonic dynasty monasticism grew strongly. The Zagwe seem to have ruled over a mostly peaceful state with a flourishing urban culture, in contrast to the more warlike Solomonids with their mobile capitals. The earliest Muslim state in Ethiopia, the Makhzumi dynasty with its capital in Wahal, Hararghe region succeeds Queen Yodit. Procopius records that after about five years, Abraha deposed the viceroy and made himself king (Histories 1.20). [17], Evidence of Naqadan contacts include obsidian from Ethiopia and the Aegean. The 1880s were marked by the Scramble for Africa. [49] In 1520, the Portuguese fleet, with Matthew on board, entered the Red Sea in compliance with this request, and an embassy from the fleet visited the Emperor, Lebna Dengel, and remained in Ethiopia for about six years. By 1925 French Franciscan sisters were well-established, running an orphanage, a dispensary, a leper colony and 10 schools with 350 girl students. Kwame Nkrumah . Bruce, James, Jean-Henri Castra, Charles-Joseph Panckoucke, Pierre Plassan, Ferret, Pierre Victor Ad., Joseph Germain Galinier. In 1529, the Adal Sultanate's forces led by Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi invaded the Ethiopian Empire in what is known as the EthiopianAdal war. [88][89], Italy in 1936 requested the League of Nations to recognize the annexation of Ethiopia. In this remote location, the Empress turned to the Portuguese for military assistance against Ottoman guns. Menelik (Menilik) II (1844-1913) was an Ethiopian emperor, who preserved the independence of his people by defeating a major Italian military expedition and who strengthened his kingdom through expansion and political and economic modernization. He established schools and a number of cities, as well as training institutions and technical schools. Around 1270, a new dynasty was established in the Abyssinian highlands under Yekuno Amlak, with aid from neighboring Makhzumi dynasty deposed the last of the Zagwe kings and married one of his daughters. 5000 BCE. c. 2000 BCE - c. 1500 CE. The D'mt kingdom was influenced by the Sabaeans in Yemen, however it is not known to what extent. Despite several attempted invasions across the Red Sea, Kaleb was unable to dislodge Abreha, and acquiesced in the change; this was the last time Ethiopian armies left Africa until the 20th century CE when several units participated in the Korean War. In August, after a proposed constitution creating a constitutional monarchy was presented to the Emperor, the Derg began a program of dismantling the imperial government to forestall further developments in that direction. [59][60], In 1905, Menelik II established the first bank, Bank of Abyssinia following concession from British occupied National Bank of Egypt in December 1904, that used to monopolize all government public funds, loans, print banknotes, mint coins and other privileges. "Growing up in Ethiopia, fluency in English was considered a mark of progress and elite status." Credit: UNICEF Ethiopia. 2004 March - Start of resettlement programme to move more than two million people away from parched, over-worked highlands. Mentewab's attempt to strengthen ties between the monarchy and the Oromo by arranging the marriage of her son to the daughter of an Oromo chieftain backfired in the long run. [35] Ifat's descendants would return to the Horn of Africa and launch a powerful regional state, the Adal Sultanate.[36]. 2005 April - First section of Axum obelisk, looted by Italy in 1937, is returned to Ethiopia from Rome. Then, once he had . 2006 December - Ethiopian and transitional government put Islamists to flight, capturing Mogadishu. The Oromo Muslims regarded the Imam of Harar as their spiritual guide, while retaining some of their original culture and socio-political organisation. [121], In September 2018, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed Ali and Eritrean President Isaias Afwerki signed a historic peace agreement, ending 16 years of hostility between the two countries (no war, no peace stalemate). [67], As part of Emperor Haile Selassie's modernization efforts, the traditional monarchical regime was reformed through the introduction of the 1931 and 1955 constitutions, which introduced an unitary parliamentary system with two legislative bodies: the Chamber of Senate (Yeheggue Mewossegna Meker Beth) and Chamber of Deputies (Yeheggue Memeriya Meker Beth). At the request of Emperor Haile Selassie and the auspices of the newly formed United Nations led by Britain and the United States, the British Military Administration in Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia in 1952 by UN Resolution 390 (A). "Abyssinia". [125], Relations between the federal government and the Tigray regional government deteriorated after the election,[126] and on 4 November 2020, Abiy began a military offensive in the Tigray Region in response to attacks on army units stationed there, causing thousands of refugees to flee to neighboring Sudan. Apr 26, 1858. [11], Some of the earliest known evidence of early stone-tipped projectile weapons (a characteristic tool of Homo sapiens), the stone tips of javelins or throwing spears, were discovered in 2013 at the site of Gademotta, and date to around 279,000 years ago. During this time of religious strife Ethiopian philosophy flourished, and it was during this period that the philosophers Zera Yacob and Walda Heywat lived. 150,000 chemical casualties were reported, mostly from mustard gas. [69][70] Some estimates for the number of people killed as a result of the conquest go into the millions. 241f. They settled in the cities of Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa, along the Franco-Ethiopian railway which opened in 1917. On the death of the Ras of Amhara, he attempted to promote his uncle Lubo governor of that province, but the outcry led his advisor Wolde Leul to convince him to change his mind. Delegations from the United Kingdom and France European powers whose colonial possessions lay next to Ethiopia soon arrived in the Ethiopian capital to negotiate their own treaties with this newly-proven power. One of this embassy was Father Francisco lvares, who wrote one of the earliest accounts of the country.[50]. On March 1, 1896, Ethiopia's conflict with the Italians, the First ItaloEthiopian War, was resolved by the complete defeat of the Italian armed forces at the Battle of Adowa. Ethiopia defeated an Egyptian invasion in 1876 and an Italian invasion in 1896 which killed 17,000 Ethiopians,[4] and came to be recognized as a legitimate state by European powers. [85][86][87] Crimes by Ethiopian troops included the use of Dum-Dum bullets (in violation of the Hague Conventions), the killing of civilian workmen (including during the Gondrand massacre) and the mutilation of captured Eritrean Ascari and Italians (often with castration), beginning in the first weeks of war. As a result, the Treaty of Addis Ababa was signed in October, which strictly delineated the borders of Eritrea and forced Italy to recognize the independence of Ethiopia. The Derg summarily executed 59 members of the former government, including two former prime ministers and crown councilors, court officials, ministers, and generals. Ethiopia (Imperialism) Ethiopia is the only African country to fight off European imperialists. An aged and infirm imperial uncle prince was enthroned as Emperor Yohannes II. Ethiopia assumed its current modern border to the south and east after fighting off invaders that came from south , resulting in the borders of modern Ethiopia. In June 1992, the OLF withdrew from the government; in March 1993, members of the Southern Ethiopia Peoples' Democratic Coalition also left the government. Nobles came to abuse their positions by making emperors, and encroached upon the succession of the dynasty, by candidates among the nobility itself: e.g. The natives were given a rudimentary primary education focused on producing submissive and obedient servants of the empire. The Italians made investments in Ethiopian infrastructure development during their occupation. [37], Some people believe that the end of the Axumite Kingdom is as mysterious as the beginning of it is. 1889 - Menelik signs a friendship treaty with Italy, which Italy interprets as a protectorate. 2023 BBC. Lt. Col. Mengistu Haile Mariam assumed power as head of state and Derg chairman, after having his two predecessors killed, as well as tens of thousands of other suspected opponents. On 16 February 2018, the government declared a six-month nationwide state of emergency following the resignation of Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn who said he wanted to clear the way for reforms. On the death of Tewodros, many Shewans, including Ras Darge, were released, and the young Negus of Shewa began to feel himself strong enough, after a few preliminary minor campaigns, to undertake offensive operations against the northern princes. Blog. 1993 - Eritrea becomes independent following referendum. at the end of the 16th century. Later inscriptions show Ezana's growing attachment to Christianity, and Ezana's coins bear this out, shifting from a design with disc and crescent to a design with a cross. Mengistu fled the country to asylum in Zimbabwe, where he still resides. Upon the death of Empress Zauditu in 1930, Ras Tafari Makonnen, adopting the throne name Haile Selassie, was crowned Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia. Ethiopia is the only African country to defeat invading colonists. 4th century - Christianity becomes state religion. 361-396. It was thus one of the first Christian states. He directed the erection of churches, palaces and bridges in different parts of the country, and carried out many useful works. In June, a group of military officers formed the Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police, and Territorial Army also known as the Derg to maintain law and order due to the powerlessness of the civilian government following the widespread mutiny. In 1994, a new constitution was written that formed a bicameral legislature and a judicial system. 2019 June - Army chief Seare Mekonnen and Amhara State Governor Ambachew Mekonnen killed while putting down coup attempt against the federal government. [31] In 1270, the Zagwe dynasty was overthrown by a rebel named Yekuno Amlak claiming lineage from the Aksumite kings and, hence, from Solomon. He launches a comprehensive programme of political reform at home and diplomatic bridge-building abroad. To do this, in 1963, he helped to found the Organisation of African Unity. [29][30] Few inscriptions by or about this kingdom survive and very little archaeological work has taken place. Meanwhile, Emperor Yohannes IV had been engaged with the dervishes, who had in the meantime become masters of the Egyptian Sudan, and in 1887 a great battle ensued at Gallabat, in which the dervishes, under Zeki Tumal, were beaten. It was not until 1963 that evidence of the presence of ancient hominids was discovered in Ethiopia, many years after similar discoveries had been made in neighbouring Kenya and Tanzania. [66], As feudalism became the central tenet in the Ethiopian Empire, it developed into an authoritarian system with institutionalized social inequality. [71][69][72] Large-scale atrocities were also committed against the Dizi people and the people of the Kaficho kingdom. [102] The resistance was largely centered in the province of Eritrea. Final success was achieved by 1942. Though not much is known, it is highly likely that Punt fell due to ethnic tensions between Somali and Ethiopians, splitting to form 2 different kingdoms, Macrobia and D'mt at around the 1st millennium BC. 1889 - Addis Ababa becomes Ethiopia's capital. info), Oromo: Itoophiyaa, Somali: Itoobiya, Afar: Itiyoophiyaa),[16] was an empire that historically spanned the geographical area of present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea from the establishment of the Solomonic dynasty by Yekuno Amlak approximately in 1270 until the 1974 coup d'etat of Emperor Haile Selassie by the Derg. On February 11, 1855, Kassa deposed the last of the Gondarine puppet Emperors, and was crowned negusa nagast of Ethiopia under the name of Tewodros II. The Sahara desert begins to spread in Africa due to . Insulted, Italy declared war on Ethiopia in 1895. However, these projects were of little avail, for Ras Kassai of Tigray had by this time (1872) risen to supreme power in the north. Farmers and herders travel south from Ethiopia and settle in Kenya. Ethiopia and Eritrea united in a federation, but when Haile Selassie ended the federation in 1961 and made Eritrea a province of Ethiopia, the 30-year Eritrean War of Independence broke out. Eritrea separated from Ethiopia following the fall of the Derg in 1991, after a long independentist war. Toward the end of the 5th century CE, a group of monks known as the Nine Saints are believed to have established themselves in the country. After the death of Emperor Yohannes IV, Italy signed a treaty with Shewa (an autonomous kingdom within the empire), creating the protectorate of Abyssinia. Twentieth Century African Art. To promote industrial and manufacturing expansion, Haile Selassie, with assistance of National Economic Council, embarked development plan encompassing three Five-Years Master Plan from 1957 to 1974. During the early Solomonic period, Ethiopia went through military reforms and imperial expansion that allowed it to dominate the Horn of Africa. AP European History . Menelik II. In this year Count Pietro Antonelli was dispatched to Shewa in order to improve the prospects of the colony by treaties with Sahle Maryam of Shewa and the sultan of Aussa. His zealous followers, also persecuted, formed isolated communities in Tigray. Many of the areas had been claimed as protectorates, spheres of influence, colonies, or economic imperialism. ", "F. M. Est. Like many other nations and denominations, the Ethiopian Church maintained a series of small chapels and even an annex at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. [81], War crimes were committed by both sides in this conflict. 1818-68 - Lij Kasa conquers Amhara, Gojjam, Tigray and Shoa. This legend was created to legitimize the Solomonic dynasty and was written down in the 14th century in the Kebra Negast, an account of the origins of the Solomonic dynasty. He accompanied the king on a warlike expedition round Lake Tana, moving South round the eastern shore, crossing the Blue Nile (Abay) close to its point of issue from the lake and returning via the western shore. [13], Punt was a kingdom recently found to encompass the Horn of Africa by the archaeological findings of Egyptian mummified baboons in modern-day Ethiopia. In 1509, Empress Dowager Eleni, the underage Emperor's regent, sent an Armenian named Matthew to the king of Portugal to request his aid against the Muslims. 1994 - New constitution divides Ethiopia into ethnically-based regions. The Negus claimed that more than 275,000 Ethiopian fighters were killed compared to only 1,537 Italians, while the Italian authorities estimated that 16,000 Ethiopians and 2,700 Italians (including Italian colonial troops) died in battle. In April 1888 the Italian forces, numbering over 20,000 men, came in contact with the Ethiopian army, but negotiations took the place of fighting, with the result that both forces retired, the Italians only leaving some 5,000 troops in Eritrea, later to become an Italian colony. After the defeat of Italy, Ethiopia underwent a short period of British military administration, and full sovereignty was restored in 1944, although some regions remained under British control for more years. Eritrea regained its independence after a referendum in 1993. Feb 13, 1869. "[62], When Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom, in 1867 failed to answer a letter Tewodros II of Ethiopia had sent her, he took it as an insult and imprisoned several British residents, including the consul. Ethiopia sent logistical support to the Transitional Federal Government opposing the Islamists.

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