Six people died. Could a Long-Ruling Party Fall in Paraguay? Now we must win the German people. So while Jewish people had little to do with Ethiopia, they were affected by that policy. It got a bad name': the death of the post-Soviet dream, Russia-Ukraine war as it happened: explosion derails Russian train; at least 34 injured after Pavlohrad attack, Myhunting trip with Yeltsin killed off the Soviet Union, UKexpected to stop funding Chinese state-linked Mandarin teaching schools, Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 432 of the invasion, TheSoviet Union collapsed overnight. Alternatively, some regimes also must grapple with the demands of influential societal sectors, even at the expense of delaying the governments response to the pandemic. To what extent did popular support for the aims and ideology of one authoritarian/single-party leader contribute to the rise to power of that leader? -Must give jobs to men If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Infighting among elites also has emerged: when the mayor of Moscow took initiative in response to the virus and ordered people to stay home, users on Telegraman app that permits citizens to share information and anonymously criticize each otherlambasted him. Real estate prices soared to $12 a metre to $200 in 1941-57. These questions will help you get a better understanding of the concepts and arguments that are presented in the article. Inflation was threatening the living standards of all Cubans, rising to 40% a year for foodstuffs whilst pay levels stagnated. - How did the collapse of the USSR affect Cuba? (Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis). - Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system -Political instability. Italians convinced themselves that this firepower made them superior to their Ethiopian victims. 100-01 - What economic policies did the Government introduce to deal with the issues that Cuba faced? HITLER [speaking German]: The result was a state that, while authoritarian, was never really totalitarian within the territory of Italy. But this challenge is especially difficult for governments that do not enjoy the legitimacy that comes from winning free and fair elections and that instead rely heavily on economic performance as their primary source of popular legitimacy. Some democratic leaders have displayed weakness and avoidance, tried to suppress contrary voices, failed to work effectively with local authorities, and refrained from implementing much-needed public health measures out of concern about their economic impact. In 1931, Japanese forces invaded Manchuria, in China. In late March, as case rates and fatalities soared across Europe, President Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus dismissed a reporters concerns about the spread of the virus in his own country: There are no viruses here. (May 2009, TZ1), To what extent was the ruler of one single-party state successful in achieving his aims? Graded student examples with one case study. The 20th century began much like our ownwith hope that education, science and technology could create a better, more peaceful world. (May 2010), Assess the importance of economic distress and ideological appeal in the rise to power ofoneleft-wing andoneright-wing single-party ruler. -November criminals - stabbed in the back. irreconcilable disparities that were rooted in the different political conditions and traditions of each country. - DEPENDANT GERMANY Italy became increasingly more dependant on Nazi Germany --> Germany supported when League of Nations tried to oppose their aggression However, their solution was "Italianization." By the early twentieth century, events in one place could have widespread political, economic, and cultural consequences. In fact, the German military had quietly sought an end to the war it could no longer win in 1918. - Mussolini was arrested and executed by a group of Italian Partisans, Battle over Southern Problem: Fail (wanted to build villages in sicily) In 1932, ninety-nine people were killed in the streets in one month. (Nov 2006. EU leaders are expected to discuss China policy in June after a recent trip by Emmanuel Macron exposed differences in approach towards handling Xi Jinpings authoritarian rule. Among his achievements was the creation of organizations designed to make children grow up to be good Fascists. Its important that when it comes to China, the EU speaks with one voice If we dont do that, theyll have us for lunch, they said. These groups, he claimed, were biologically different from "western Mediterranean" and European people. Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. The mixed record of authoritarians responses to the coronavirus undercuts any simple conclusion that the pandemic will bolster authoritarianism globally over the long term. Although not really fascist, these governments were heavily influenced by military and industrial leaders because both sectors wanted Japan to take over territories in Asia. World history topic 10: Authoritarian states (20th century) This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. Exploiting widespread fears of a communist uprising, they blamed Communists for the fire, and declared emergency rule. -Massive public spending reduced unemployment. But on the whole, these tendencies have been much less marked among democracies compared to autocracies. It became known as the war to end all wars. It cast an immense shadow on tens of millions of people. Finally, the outcome of the campaign affirmed the Fascist view that, at the end of the day, violent struggle led to power. He is currently working on a dissertation about missionaries, theology, and empire in the 18th and 19th centuries. You should include the following ideas from the unit content of Paper 2 Topic Authoritarian States: Emergence of the State. (Nov 2009), Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power ofoneruler of a single-party state. In other words, the lack of a reasonably level playing field notwithstanding, elections are still competitivealbeit unfair. To probe the potential political consequences of the pandemic for authoritarian regimes, it is useful to look more closely at why many have fallen short in their responses to the coronavirus. What impact did this have? Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1.) Hitler spoke to the SA, his army of storm troopers. Washington, DC 20036-2103. They were confident they could control Hitler. Though this massacre was never acknowledged, some Japanese leaders privately justified it as necessary to "pacify" ("make peaceful") the Chinese population, whom they saw as members of an inferior nation. A totalitarian regime has a highly centralized system of government that requires strict obedience. Many other Japanese citizens, however, embraced the cause of nationalism and military expansion. Due to the forced signing of the treaty, there . China downgraded diplomatic ties with Lithuania and pressured multinationals to sever links with it in December 2021 after the Baltic nation, which has long favoured a hard EU line on Beijing, allowed Taiwan to open a de facto embassy in Vilnius. These tactics worked at a time when communists felt threatened by both fascists and capitalist democracies in Europe. This is not war, one wounded soldier wrote home. We have won power in Germany. As the biggest governance test in recent memoryone that many authoritarians are failingthe pandemic and its ensuing economic devastation will turbocharge this underlying driver of global political change. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, 2. Battle for Land: Success (decreased unemployment because people had to drain swamps and plough land) Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda. How were German and Italian justifications for expansion similar? Fascist squads racked up wins as they marched through the provinces crushing socialists, intimidating liberals, and deposing agents of the state. What followed soon after were two devastating wars. One must govern well, and for good government one must also practice good propaganda. To what extent did popular support for the aims and ideology of one authoritarian/single-party. Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you. Dont assume western democracy will last forever, Ukraine ammunition depot reportedly hit in wave of Russian missile attacks. The unstable authoritarian pathway that so many states followed after colonial rule was . Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social . Discuss (a) the ideology of, and (b) . This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. Standards of behavior were changing. How long, and how many casualties did it take for the Fascists to defeat the Socialists? In January 1933, when the old war hero, President Paul von Hindenburg, invited Hitler to serve as Chancellor in a coalition government, the Nazis could hardly believe their luck. Thomas Carothers is senior vice president for studies and the Harvey V. Fineberg Chair for Democracy Studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. In the aftermath of World War I, Germans struggled to understand their countrys uncertain future. One example is the Holocaust during the Second World War. He also supported the brutal suppression of anti-colonial resistance in Libya. His position and apparent support for Chinas efforts to play peacemaker in the Russian invasion of Ukraine contrasts with a more hawkish approach from the European Commission president, Ursula von der Leyen. Before you read the article, you should skim it first. 99-100 - What was the 'Special Period' and why did it result from this? Battle for Grain: Success (grow more cereal to cut back on foreign imports) Angry at the growing resistance, Japanese troops killed as many as 300,000 civilians. Key Weaknesses Plaguing Authoritarians. Tsahkna added: I hope that there will be an explanation. How did Mussolini strengthen the power of the Fascist party? Check the notes preview and download a free sample. Many political parties had their own paramilitary units to attack opponents and intimidate voters. With a lack of guidance from the top, disorder among the governors ensued, as some officials adopted measures the Kremlin criticized as excessive and others took measures that were deemed insufficient. Causes and effects of war: Chinese Civil War, H/L The People's Republic of China 1949-2005, http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2016-03-09/guest-post-message-voting-cattle?page=1, http://paxonbothhouses.blogspot.jp/2014/10/hitler-i-am-acting-as-agent-of-our.html, Cambridge paper - re.opposition to Nazism, http://www.casahistoria.net/ibrevision.htm, In 1943, hundreds of German women saved their Jewish husbands from deathcamps, Propaganda in Authoritarian States - Trump's laughter and clapping instigators, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpHRvuVvrDU, https://medium.com/@laurennreiff/how-do-you-think-nazism-happened-4662332b6c4b, www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1Zxy3Z2i34&has_verified=1, https://www.ted.com/talks/sviatlana_tsikhanouskaya_how_to_be_fearless_in_the_face_of_authoritarianism?utm_source=newsletter_daily&utm_campaign=daily&utm_medium=email&utm_content=button__2020-11-12#t-24, "Final Account" taken from The Guardian 12/03/2021. This created famine conditions. All rights reserved. Of the many fascist states that emerged between the two world wars, Hitler's Germany was the most notoriousbut Mussolini's Italy was the first. The emperor The Italian foreign minister, Antonio Tajani, said he also disagreed with Lus comments. 'The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by. (May 2006), Analyse thenature and extent of internal opposition and the methods used to deal with this opposition by Stalin, Evaluate the contribution to the rise to power of Hitler of each of the following: National Socialist ideology; the use of force; economic crises. 97. In some ways, their actions were like experiments, pushing the boundaries of authoritarian rule to see what they could get away with. Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the In recent months, countries such as Algeria, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Russia, Thailand, and Uzbekistan have passed so-called fake news laws related to the pandemic that criminalize criticisms of their governments responses to the public health emergency or even reporting of pandemic conditions that does not match the governments preferred narratives. Vietnams leaders, for example, responded to the countrys first confirmed infections as early as January, imposing travel restrictions and quarantines with a speed that made it a textbook case of an effective response to the public health emergency. Additionally, the study shows how the continued use of practices from authoritarian times revealed the weakness of the democratic transition in Myanmar. The three themes for this topic are: 1. The Fascists argued that in invading Libya, they were creating a new Roman Empire, thus playing to Italian nationalism. Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states (15) Economic factors play a major role in any nation and as authoritarian states rise and fall throughout 83 - How did Castro deal with Lanz + Urrutria, and how did this reflect on him as leader? Topic 10 Authoritarian states (20th century) 19. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. The Fascists craved revolution and total power, but instead found they had to cooperate with different, mostly conservative political parties. (May 08 TZ2), Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power of one ruler of a single-party state. [2017] ROMAN CATHOLICISM= official state religion of Italy, Authoritarian control was never completely achieved bc M had to SHARE power with TRADITIONAL italian groups such as the monarchy and the catholic church. But we can also see similarities in the ways that they emerged. How consistent was this vision to Cuba in reality? They would call their empire the "Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere". In Weimar Germany they thrived' - Condon These crackdowns impede effective public health responses, given that civil society can be a crucial partner to governmentsespecially for authoritarians with weak state capacity, such as those in many countries in Africa, former Soviet states, and the Middle Eastin terms of collecting and distributing accurate and timely health-related information and delivering resources and care. Taking advantage of new modes and media that emerged in the early twentieth century, these . -Lateran Treaty: gov recognized papal sovereignty over vatican ( became independent state) POPE recognized italian state How successful was Castro's domestic policy in meeting his aims for Cuba? Using the terms fascism and Nazism interchangeably is incorrect because they are not synonyms. Japan already had some colonies, including Korea, but many military and business leaders argued that Japan deserved to rule most of Asia. Authoritarian regimes are systems of government that have no established mechanism for the transfer of executive power and do not afford their citizens civil liberties or political rights. The Path to Nazi Genocide, NARRATOR: In Turkey, where mayors in Istanbul and Ankara affiliated with the opposition party have won praise among their constituents for their responses to the pandemic, President Recep Tayyip Erdoan has actively tried to undermine them whenever possibleannouncing weekend curfews on short notice to leave the opposition mayors flat-footed, canceling charity fundraisers that the mayors organized, and shutting down opposition-run food kitchenseven at the cost of weakening the countrys broader response to the pandemic. Asked if China stood behind the envoys remarks, the foreign ministrys spokesperson Mao Ning said China had been one of the first countries to establish diplomatic relations with former Soviet states. The democratic nature of the Weimar Republic paradoxically led directly to the creation of Nazi authoritarian state, as it created an environment of expression and new ideas in which Nazism flourished. Unpopular or tyrannical governments. New social problems emerged from the impact of rapid industrialization and the growth of cities. Beijing says it respects status of countries such as Ukraine after ambassadors comments spark row. The use of force was the most important method used to maintain power in authoritarian states.. They work together. He used the jail time to dictate his political ideas in a book,Mein KampfMy Struggle. Aims and results of policies: social, economic, political, cultural. Weimar Republic: -Unpopular economic policies. In 1949-58, 75% of all imports came from the USA; 65% of all exports went to the USA. These uniforms consist of dark pants, black button up shirts, black hats, and white sashes that criss-cross over the boys bodies. This unique book weaves together literary works, . Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda. - Outline Castro's health and education policies. David has worked for two academic journals, Posted 2 years ago. Aftermath of World War I and the Rise of Nazism, 1918-1933, NARRATOR: Hitler proved to be a charismatic campaigner and used the latest technology to reach people. The kulaks are just one example. President Hindenburg signed a decree that suspended all basic civil rights and constitutional protections, providing the basis for arbitrary police actions. Paper 2 questions- Origins and development of Authoritarian and single-party states Emergence of Authoritarian States: - Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors, social division, impact of war, weakness of political system. New ideas introduced in politics. There were no bureaucrats to rein in the Fascists. One month later, when arson gutted the German parliament building, Hitler and his nationalist coalition partners seized their chance. It became clear that Socialism was one of Fascisms main political enemies. Stalin was obsessively focused on getting rid of enemies. that a minimum of three authoritarian states should be studied. David Wong was a 20192020 James C. Gaither Junior Fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and is currently working on a digital start-up. Nazi propaganda chief Joseph Goebbels planned to win over those who were still unconvinced. INTRODUCTION. (May 08 TZ2), Analyse the rise to power of either Hitler or Lenin. [2010] 17. In late December 2019, for instance, Chinese authorities silenced and reprimanded Li Wenliang, a Wuhan Central Hospital doctor who warned of the initial outbreak. Compare and contrast the importance of propaganda to the emergence of two authoritarian states. Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. Evaluate the treatment of religious groups and minorities in two authoritarian states, each chosen from a different region. Lu has previously acknowledged being part of the wolf warrior class of Chinese diplomats, a nickname given to envoys who respond vehemently to critics they perceive as hostile to China. Middle class savings were wiped out as severe inflation left the currency worthless. Even Russian President Vladimir Putin, the prototypical authoritarian strongman, displayed striking avoidance behavioror perhaps apathyby moving to his countryside residence outside Moscow after the virus arrived in Russia, leaving his subordinates to convey negative news to the public. Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. Before you read the article, you should skim it first. Lack of leadership. How successful was it? For example, all of them embraced nationalism, and they all found ways to justify violence against civilians. It may be all, some, or none: Photo of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini walking besides decorated members of the Italian military. 2. The pandemic has provided a trigger or opportunity for numerous nondemocratic or illiberal governments to impose new restrictions on civil liberties, persecute opponents, limit protests, delay elections, and introduce new mass surveillance techniques. (Nov 09), Unpopular rulers or governments, and their overthrow, were responsible for the formation of the majority of twentieth century single-party states. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? 82 - How did Castro establish his government, and what challenges arose? There are still "meaningful democratic institutions" (Levitsky and Way 2010a, 20) within these erstwhile authoritarian regimes.8 What Yet this discouraging near-term political picture becomes less ominous, or at least less clear-cut, if one looks down the road. We draw on over a decade of fieldwork in the Salween River Basin where dams and diversions have been proposed since 1979, including the most recent iteration, the Yuam . Yet many other authoritarian or authoritarian-leaning leaders have shown startling weakness in facing the pandemic, falling back on deeply ingrained habits of lying to deny inconvenient facts, spin conspiracy theories, and create alternative realities. 90-92 - How did Castro deal with the continuing US attempts to oust him? Many veterans and other citizens struggled to understand Germanys defeat and the uncertain future. Now that youve skimmed the article, you should preview the questions you will be answering. 83-84 - Why did Castro try to consolidate the revolution by banning free elections and how is this regarded? 81-82 - What events and influences caused him to adopt an increasingly Communist position? Early success in the Po Valley. Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. At the end of the third read, you should be able to respond to these questions: Looking back on history, we can often see patterns emerging just before dangerous or terrible events occurred. And despite their differences, the fact that they all happened in a similar time period suggests that there was some global pattern making them all possible. Economic conditions stabilized for a few years, then the worldwide depression hit in 1929. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, Ideology, Role of Leaders, Use of Force, Persuasion, Propaganda, RAS- local fascist leaders in charge of action squads, -M deployed squadristi (paramilitary of the PNF led by ras) to, -M renounced atheism to appeal to Catholic Church, -Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (OND): recreational club for adults. The author argues that Italian Fascism never gained the level of totalitarian control the Nazis had in Germany. We include resources for teaching with limited class time, for English/Language Arts, and for History classes. Consolidation and maintenance of power. Italian rule included segregation, and policies prohibited interracial relations. Beginning in 1925, Mussolini tried to strengthen the party and expand its reach. As the coronavirus has spread, many political observers have warned that it is bolstering authoritarianism globally. On top of these governance factors, the economic devastation that most authoritarian countries are facing will further add to citizens anger and restlessness and reduce the financial tools besieged leaders often use to buy off key discontented sectors. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system We can see how Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and others began to attack journalists, control the flow of information, and stir up nationalism by persecuting ethnic minorities or invading desirable lands. It declared a state policy of overt discrimination against Africans, Arabs, and Jews. It's obvious to usnowthat the rise of authoritarianism, including fascism, was paving the way for leaders in many countries to command the obedience of whole populations, even when these leaders began to order the killing of civilians. This policy extended not only to sexual relations and marriage, but to any kind of social relationship at all. For instance, the Versailles treaty of Germany after the first world war led to resistance as some political powers felt humiliated by the agreements that were to be signed by the parties. By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. colonial rule (1910-1945). You should be looking at the title, author, headings, pictures, and opening sentences of paragraphs for the gist. According to . His military leaders used chemical weapons, forced starvation, concentration camps, and mass resettlement of African Libyans to make space for Italian settlers. 2023 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. (May 2009. . Some burned it for fuel. He was offered a deal just as the Nazis started to lose votes. From this year onward, Italy moved closer and closer to the Nazi position. Everything seemed to be falling into place for a Fascist revolution. Emergence of authoritarian states. However, as we have seen, Mussolini's compromises with conservatives and liberal elites put up too many obstacles for this plan to succeed. While downplaying more extreme goals, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party offered simple solutions to Germanys problems, exploiting peoples fears, frustrations, and hopes to win broad support. Within Italy, Mussolini promoted the ideas of. (Nov 2006), Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power ofoneruler of a single-party state. Although there was much weakness in the political system of Weimar Germany from 1919-1933, one man stablised all areas of both politics and daily life for Germans, and hence must be considered a key block in the Nazis' rise to power.

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