13:911654. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911654. Studies in self-categorization and minority conversion: Is being a member of the out-group an advantage? Soc. 35, 179199. They may even besuspicious of a new manager who suggests that they update their manufacturing methods. 117, 497529. Received: 02 April 2022; Accepted: 30 May 2022; Published: 23 June 2022. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.95.2.189. Minority influence, in The Oxford Handbook of Social Influence. Levine, J. M., and Kaarbo, J. eds. Such broader acceptance presumably has survival value (Caporael and Baron, 1997). Psychol. 93, 2332. In doing so, minorities make themselves visibly non-normative, hence, creating a social conflict. 42, 2530. Papastamou, S., Gardikiotis, A., and Prodromitis, G. At what point in time does it become public and sufficiently substantial to change social relations and social structure within a group? These initially created positions either remained stable throughout the groups interactions or were reversed when, halfway through the groups interactions, several opponents (supporters) switched their alliances to support (oppose) the participant. Psychol. Jetten, J., and Hornsey, M. J. Therefore, the minority is unable to exert a normative influence on other members. Take Psychologist World's 5-minute memory test to measure your memory. The unknown of the new position, it was hypothesized, was largely due to the seemingly contradictory meaning of the conversion or former opponents sway to the minority position that underlies social change. In other words, the outcomes of social influence attempts aimed at effecting versus preventing social change should have reciprocal effects on the sources of social influence (Hypothesis 2, see below Agenda item 2). Tindale, R. S., Talbot, M., and Martinez, R. (2013). Political systems, scientific paradigms, religious dogmas, art movements, and fashion styles are all changed by active minorities who successfully challenge the status quo and offer an alternative (Moscovici and Faucheux, 1972; Moscovici, 1976). S. Papastamou, A. Gardikiotis, and G. Prodromitis (London: Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group), 173197. doi: 10.1177/1948550610377238, Prislin, R., Brewer, M., and Wilson, D. J. P. van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, and E. T. Higgins (Los Angeles: Sage), 362378. ^Minority label used here in no way diminishes the significance and contribution of these two lines of research. According to reactance theory. doi: 10.1080/10463280440000071, Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2005b). For example, employees at a factory which uses dated practises to produce its wares may be reluctant to change their habits. Discover which Jungian Archetype your personality matches with this archetype test. Prislin, R., and Wood, W. (2005). Soc. Even a revolutionary change progresses to its culminating tipping point after a period of build-up that requires time. Psychol. Rev. Prez, J. J. Soc. Rather, it has focused dominantly on the cognitive processes and attitudinal change in response to a minority advocacy or minority mere presence, and, to a lesser degree, to the role of minority influence in decision-making and task groups. Whereas such conversion is the condition sine qua non for a minority to become a majority, it also signals unreliability and ultimately, instability of the majority position. Bull. The many reasons behind minorities pursuit of social change could be broadly recognized as seeking social validation, social control, or social acceptance. Figure 1. The latter strategies are especially likely in the cases of mutual interdependence between majorities and minorities. (1986). Taking the number of published studies as a readily available, however imperfect, indicator of vigor, the findings are telling. Social influence exerted by minorities motivated by social control may differ from social influence exerted by their validation-motivated and acceptance-motivated counterparts. What kind of social influence can. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01091.x. They consider the argument based on its merits, rather than to complywith group norms. If you're one of the many people who gets stressed out when it comes to taking exams then we have a few tips for you that will help you to overcome this and really concentrating on achieving good grades. The effects of social change within a group on membership preferences: to leave or not to leave. Small Groups as Complex Systems: Formation, Coordination, Development, and Adaptation. In contrast, losing social support by virtue of social change (majority minority) should adversely affect a failed majoritys capacity to further advocate their position. Finally, different motives may call for different types of social change. Eur. The researchers found that when the confederate seated themselves, without guidance, at the head seat, other participants were more likely to agree with their suggestion of an amount of compensation than if they followed the experimenter's directions. In contrast, studies of interacting groups tasked with reaching a consensual decision have frequently demonstrated publicly stated, direct changes in opinions toward focal issues of minority advocacy (Paicheler and Flath, 1988; Smith et al., 1996). And there is precious little evidence of real solidarity among Americas diverse minority ethnic groups. J. Pers. How ingratiation techniques are used to persuade people. Hardin, C. D., and Higgins, E. T. (1996). Around the turn of the 20th century, American leaders began to recognize the accumulating effects of immigration and civil rights. Prislin, R., Crowder, M., and Donnelly, K. (2017). This research has also documented many contingencies for such impact, including newcomers and the existing group members idiosyncratic and shared characteristics (for reviews, see Levine and Prislin, 2013; Levine and Tindale, 2015). (2007). Three concepts: minority, conflict, and behavioral style, in Minority Influence. ed. Int. (2017). The proposed agenda focuses on time, interactive (minority majority), and motivated influence as critical explanatory variables to address in the next phase of research on minority influence in the pursuit of social change. Likely responding to the disciplinary cognitive Zeitgeist, Moscovici himself replaced his initial rich theorizing about the social underpinnings of minority influence in a pursuit of social change with a theorizing that emphasized cognitive factors. Juliet is in a committed romantic relationship with Romeo, but her parents have forbidden her to date him any longer. WebThis article attempts to highlight the Uzbek-Afghan cooperation, consistently reveals a retrospective of the issue, but the main focus is on the deve- lopment of relations between states after 1992, when diplomatic relations were Finally, a separate but still very much cognitive line of inquiry has focused on the styles of thinking inspired by minority (vs. majority) pressures, examining thought modality (e.g., Nemeth, 1986) and complexity (e.g., Gruenfeld, 1995). WebQ#28 minorities influence majority opinion primarily through - The correct answer is b.) Issues Policy Rev. Majority and Minority Influence: Societal Meaning and Cognitive Elaboration, London, Routledge: Taylor & Francis. In a test of the above-mentioned hypothesis 2, variations in minority and majority sources persuasibility were examined as a function of their targets responsiveness to their influence appeals (Prislin et al., 2011). C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 91121. Within this context, evidence exists J. Pers. Thus, immediately in the aftermath of social change whereby minorities become majorities and vice versa (minority majority), the former should react only mildly positively, and the latter should react intensely negatively, toward the group in which they switched positions. (1990). Does brainwashing really exist and how has it been used? ^A complete list of publications on minority influence referenced here is available from the author upon request. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 229262. (2009). eds. Also, the authors own line of research on group dynamics in the aftermath of social change could be added to this minority category in that its focus on group dynamics is underrepresented in minority influence research (Prislin, 2010; Prislin et al., 2017). reciprocal concessions (door-in-the-face). Soc. Stoking fears of white decline reinforces the myth that this whiteness always included all who now identify with it as if the Irish had never been demonized, as if Italians had never endured discrimination, as if Jews had never been excluded. Apparently, a hard-earned social capital in the form of former opponents support paid high dividends as successful minorities became increasingly efficient in their advocacy. Soc. Soc. 22, 177189. Psychol. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.41. Because gains are experienced less intensely than the comparable losses (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979), changes away from the minority position should elicit positive reactions that are weaker than negative reactions to changes away from the majority positions. WebMajority influence occurs when people conform to certain beliefs and behaviours in order to be accepted by others. Whereas most minorities seek social change, they do so for a variety of reasons that originate from a variety of disadvantageous social, economic, and psychological conditions. The Power of Minorities. (1989). doi: 10.1016/0022-1031(86)90022-3. Crano, W. D., and Chen, X. After the arrival of millions of Irish, the 15th Amendment enfranchised millions of African American men in 1870. Tindale, R. S., Nadler, J., Krebel, A., and Davis, J. H. (2004). Tight cultures differ from loose cultures in that they. As nothing stands still, any groups position is only temporary. ^Whereas every social change originates from minorities, it does not mean that every minority invariably seeks social change. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. J. Pers. The proposed agenda for future research on social change effected through minority influence is hardly comprehensive. Curr. Integration or acceptance presumes integration with others into the same category, not giving in to others to join their category (Brewer, 1991). Bull. (2009). People who identify as white hold disproportionate power and resources today, and this pernicious reality seems unlikely to change even if white people do become a 49 percent plurality in about two decades. Selection criteria included: participants exposure to a minority dissent with or without an appeal or reasoning for the dissent, which dissent placed the minority at odds with the participants, and report of a measure of influence. And even if the Census Bureaus categories reinforce the racial boundaries that too often divide American society, these categories are also starting to show signs of their mutability. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 229257. What the Majority Minority Shift Really Means for America, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/24/opinion/us-census-majority-minority.html, Joseph Prezioso/Agence France-Presse Getty Images. 15, 323355. Clark, R. D. and Maas, A. Latan, B. Whilst minority influence has led to their internalisation of environmentalist ideas, they reject the notion that the group was responsible for their new recycling routine and maintain a negative view of the minority group. For decades, research on social influence, which established social psychology as a scientific discipline early in the 20th century, conceptualized influence as a one-way street (Prislin and Crano, 2012). Social influence, social identity, and ingroup leniency, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. van Zomeren, M. (2015). Martin, R., and Hewstone, M. (2008). 13. eds. His subsequent conversion theory (Moscovici, 1980) focused exclusively on cognitive processes underlying minority vs. majority influence and the resultant nature of attitudinal (not social!) It has been addressed by restricting a number of factors that presumably shape the dynamics of social influence and employing mathematical simulations to test proposed models. Moscovici found that the minority view expressed by the confederates influenced the participants opinions, particularly when the minority was consistent in its opinion (Moscovici et al, 1969). Others followed suit, accumulating findings that cast doubt on the conversion theory postulate about the unique nature of minority (vs. majority) influence processes (for a meta-analytical synthesis, see Wood et al., 1994; see also Erb and Bohner, 2001; Martin and Hewstone, 2008). London: Academic Press. Although these actions may include members of both minority groups who are typically disadvantaged and members of majority groups who are typically advantaged, it is almost invariably the former who initiate social actions. Influence of a consistent minority on the responses of a majority in a color perception task. Group conversion versus group expansion as modes of change in majority and minority positions: All losses hurt but only some gains gratify. What began as a minority view becomes a majority view as morepeople adopt it. In a 1969 study, participants were presented with a number of slides, and were asked to identify the color shown in each slide in the company of other participants. Consistency in these findings about the reciprocity of social influence suggests that majorities are able to influence not only because they have social support as an argument, as it is axiomatically discussed in the social influence literature, but also because social support enables them to generate convincing arguments. The rise of research on minority influence coincided with the cognitive orientation in social psychology. However, for some minorities (e.g., LGBT, ethnic, racial minorities), this path to social change is neither desirable nor feasible. (eds.) Imagine that you work for a local animal shelter and your goal is to increase the number of people who are willing to adopt a dog from the shelter. doi: 10.1177/1088868314546489, Gruenfeld, D. H. (1995). Bull. Vol. Hence, changes away from the preferred majority position presumably are experienced as losses, with changes away from the minority position presumably experienced as gains. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Terms of Use 1. eds. Br. Home Sparked by the early scientific findings about human-induced global warming, the issue was first recognized as an existential threat by only a few whose minority position was often ridiculed, dismissed, distorted, or downplayed. Nemeth, C. J. and Wachtler, J. In Roosevelts understanding, Americans were born through no document; they were made by their encounters with the wilderness and their cultivation of strength, individualism and democratic community their commitment to a set of principles. The many advantages associated with majority positions, along with the many disadvantages associated with minority positions (for reviews, see Prislin and Wood, 2005; Prislin and Christensen, 2005a), fuel minorities attempts at social change. Early research into the ability of minority influence to affect a groups attitudes and behavior was conducted by social psychologist, Serge Moscovici. What explains the effectiveness of these approaches? (1990). In the subsequent decades, scores of studies have tested (Wood et al., 1994), expanded (Nemeth and Walacher, 1983; De Dreu and West, 2001), and challenged (Latan and Wolf, 1981; Tanford and Penrod, 1984) Moscovicis ideas. (eds.) P. A. van Lange, E. T. Higgins, and A. W. Kruglanski (New York: Guilford Press), 181201. But whilst peer pressure leads to public compliance (e.g. Group Processes. On being influenced while trying to persuade: The feedback effect of persuasion outcomes to the persuader. New York: Cambridge University Press. They map on the reasons discussed earlier for strapping minority influence research in the Procrustean bed of the cognitive processing approach, which, along with serious logistic challenges, effectively eliminated time as a variable in this line of research. It encompasses attitudinal reactions (e.g., growing concerns about climate change), behavioral reactions (e.g., growing use of a clean energy), political impact (e.g., Green parties, which exist in most democratic systems, have entered into several coalition governments, taking premierships in some), and structural changes (e.g., laws mandating elimination of climate-damaging emission by a certain date have been passed in several countries).1. The findings suggest that the perceived confidence of a minority to make decisions independently of the group can lead to other individuals giving more consideration to its views. eds. To the extent that acceptance means a state of cognitive merging with a group (Baumeister and Leary, 1995), it cannot be satisfied through acquiescence, which implies affiliation, not integration, with others. Minority influence affects group members differently. With much of the competition between the races reducing itself to the warfare of the cradle, he wrote in 1894, no race has any chance to win a great place unless it consists of good breeders as well as of good fighters.. Bull. Influence and its aftermath: Motives for agreement among minorities and majorities, in Coping with Minority Status: Responses to Exclusion and Inclusion. Inconsistency, or a difference of opinion amongst members of a minority, can result in other individuals rejecting the view. Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. One should never waste a good crisis. For example, in their analysis of minority influence in political decision-making groups, Levine and Kaarbo (2001) argued that influence strategies employed by political minorities may go beyond informational influence to include the reinforcement (i.e., reward, punishment) and procedural strategies (see also Smith and Diven, 2002). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. This has been recognized in the literature on social movements or social actions as vehicles for effecting social change. Moreover, a disciplinary general focus on the individual level of analysis made social change a challenging object of inquiry. Learn to interpret body language signals and better understand people's emotions.

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